Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are artificial substances, acting through androgen receptors and were primarily developed for the treatment of hypogonadism, tumors, hypercalcemia, hypercalcuria and other chronic diseases. The discovery, in the early 1930s that these substances may have other benefits related to improvement in physique and athletic performance, has encouraged extensive use of these substances by amateur and professional athletes and members of the general public. The range of AAS used can be classified as either endogenous or exogenous. When used for ergogenic or recreational purposes the dosage is more often higher than the recommended dosage, and at supraphysiological levels, AAS can cause a number of serious side effects including liver dysfunction, myocardial infarction and potentially stroke, due to its ability to increase platelet and platelet aggregation. Furthermore, these high dosages may or can affect other physiological systems including the immune system. Hence, this paper reviews the current research on the effects of a number of specific AAS in the immune system.
Keywords: Anabolic androgenic steroids, immune system, cytokines, estrogen, T cells, testosterone, platelet aggregation, stroke, liver dysfunction, side effects, athletes, chronic diseases
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Is there a Potential Immune Dysfunction with Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use?: A Review
Volume: 11 Issue: 5
Author(s): E. W. Brenu, L. McNaughton and S. M. Marshall-Gradisnik
Affiliation:
Keywords: Anabolic androgenic steroids, immune system, cytokines, estrogen, T cells, testosterone, platelet aggregation, stroke, liver dysfunction, side effects, athletes, chronic diseases
Abstract: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are artificial substances, acting through androgen receptors and were primarily developed for the treatment of hypogonadism, tumors, hypercalcemia, hypercalcuria and other chronic diseases. The discovery, in the early 1930s that these substances may have other benefits related to improvement in physique and athletic performance, has encouraged extensive use of these substances by amateur and professional athletes and members of the general public. The range of AAS used can be classified as either endogenous or exogenous. When used for ergogenic or recreational purposes the dosage is more often higher than the recommended dosage, and at supraphysiological levels, AAS can cause a number of serious side effects including liver dysfunction, myocardial infarction and potentially stroke, due to its ability to increase platelet and platelet aggregation. Furthermore, these high dosages may or can affect other physiological systems including the immune system. Hence, this paper reviews the current research on the effects of a number of specific AAS in the immune system.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
W. Brenu E., McNaughton L. and M. Marshall-Gradisnik S., Is there a Potential Immune Dysfunction with Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use?: A Review, Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955711795445907
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955711795445907 |
Print ISSN 1389-5575 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5607 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Bioprospecting of Natural Products as Sources of New Multitarget Therapies
According to the Convention on Biological Diversity, bioprospecting is the exploration of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge to develop commercially valuable products for pharmaceutical and other applications. Bioprospecting involves searching for useful organic compounds in plants, fungi, marine organisms, and microorganisms. Natural products traditionally constituted the primary source of more than ...read more
Computational Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry
The thematic issue "Computational Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry" provides a robust platform for delving into state-of-the-art computational methodologies and technologies that significantly propel advancements in medicinal chemistry. This edition seeks to amalgamate top-tier reviews spotlighting the latest trends and breakthroughs in the fusion of computational approaches, including artificial intelligence (AI) ...read more
Natural Products and Dietary Supplements in Alleviation of Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Neurological Disorders
Metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, cancer etc, cardiovascular disorders like angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure etc as well as neurological disorders like Alzheimer?s, Parkinson?s, Epilepsy, Depression, etc are the global burden. They covered the major segment of the diseases and disorders from which the human community ...read more
Natural Products in Drug Discovery
Natural products have always been one of the important ways of drug discovery due to their novel skeleton and diverse functional group characteristics. According to statistics, between 1981 and 2019, the FDA approved a total of 1,394 small molecule drugs for marketing, of which 930 marketed drugs originated from the ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Targeted Nanosystems to Prostate Cancer
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Relationship Between Oncogene Expression and Clinical Outcome in Endometrial Carcinoma
Current Cancer Drug Targets Strategies to Overcome Multi-Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells: the Contribution of siRNA and Nanotechnologies
Current Organic Chemistry Application of Microbial Biotransformation for the New Drug Discovery Using Natural Drugs as Substrates
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Cytochromes P450 and Skin Cancer: Role of Local Endocrine Pathways
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry IL-24: Physiological and Supraphysiological Effects on Normal and Malignant Cells
Current Medicinal Chemistry Protective Effect of Ursolic Acid in <i>Prunella vulgaris</i> L. on LPS-Induced Asthenozoospermia via Bcl-2/Bax Apoptosis Signaling Pathway
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology An Overview on Bacteriophages: A Natural Nanostructured Antibacterial Agent
Current Drug Delivery Chitosan Nanoparticles for Melanoma Cancer Treatment by Photodynamic Therapy and Electrochemotherapy Using Aminolevulinic Acid Derivatives
Current Medicinal Chemistry T Cell Replicative Senescence in Human Aging
Current Pharmaceutical Design On the Search for Skin Gene Therapy Strategies of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Disease
Current Gene Therapy Vitamin D Affects the Warburg Effect and Stemness Maintenance of Non- Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway
Current Cancer Drug Targets A Review on Important Histone Acetyltransferase (HAT) Enzymes as Targets for Cancer Therapy
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Effects of Edible Algae Polysaccharides on Allergic, Inflammatory, and Anti-Tumor Responses Through Toll-Like Receptor 4
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Antinflammatory Effect of Alpha-MSH in Skin: A Promise for New Treatment Strategies
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Niosomal Gel for Site-Specific Sustained Delivery of Anti-Arthritic Drug: In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation
Current Drug Delivery Telomerase as a Cancer Target. Development of New Molecules
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry A Role for SNX1 in the Regulation of EGF-Dependent Phosphorylated EGFR Endocytosis Via the Early/Late Endocytic Pathway in a Gefitinib-Sensitive Human Lung Cancer Cells
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Cannabinoids in Energy Balance and Prospectives in the Therapy of Obesity
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Central Nervous System Agents Editorial (Hot Topic:Recent Advance in the Studies of Beta-glucans for Cancer Therapy)
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry