Abstract
Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside present ubiquitously throughout the body as a metabolic intermediate. Besides its metabolic role within the cells, adenosine is released into the extracellular space either by neurons or astrocytes acting as a neuromodulator. Extracellular adenosine exerts its action by activating multiple G-protein coupled receptors (subtypes A1, A2A, A2B and A3) having a wide range of physiological effects in the brain. Adenosine levels rise markedly in response to ischemia, hypoxia, excitotoxicity or inflammation being a neuroprotectant under these conditions. However, adenosine may also contribute to neuronal damage and cell death in other circumstances. These actions are firmly established using multiple animal models. Therefore, increasing attention is now given to the role of adenosine in human brain function and its potential benefit for clinical applications. This review covers recent studies undertaken mostly in humans revealing the actions of adenosine and related drugs in cognition and memory as well as in various pathological situations such as psychiatric disorders, drug addiction and neurodegenerative disorders. The actual use of adenosine or adenosine receptor ligands in ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia, panic disorder and anxiety, cocaine dependence and Parkinsons disease is discussed. The evidence herein reviewed highlights the promising potential of adenosine or adenosine receptor ligands as therapeutic agents in several brain disorders.
Keywords: Adenosine, caffeine, brain, human, clinical trials, drug addiction, neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, neurons, neuromodulator, neuronal damage, adenosine receptor ligands, multiple G-protein, metabolic substrates
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Adenosine and Related Drugs in Brain Diseases: Present and Future in Clinical Trials
Volume: 11 Issue: 8
Author(s): Luisa V. Lopes, Ana M. Sebastiao and Joaquim A. Ribeiro
Affiliation:
Keywords: Adenosine, caffeine, brain, human, clinical trials, drug addiction, neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, neurons, neuromodulator, neuronal damage, adenosine receptor ligands, multiple G-protein, metabolic substrates
Abstract: Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside present ubiquitously throughout the body as a metabolic intermediate. Besides its metabolic role within the cells, adenosine is released into the extracellular space either by neurons or astrocytes acting as a neuromodulator. Extracellular adenosine exerts its action by activating multiple G-protein coupled receptors (subtypes A1, A2A, A2B and A3) having a wide range of physiological effects in the brain. Adenosine levels rise markedly in response to ischemia, hypoxia, excitotoxicity or inflammation being a neuroprotectant under these conditions. However, adenosine may also contribute to neuronal damage and cell death in other circumstances. These actions are firmly established using multiple animal models. Therefore, increasing attention is now given to the role of adenosine in human brain function and its potential benefit for clinical applications. This review covers recent studies undertaken mostly in humans revealing the actions of adenosine and related drugs in cognition and memory as well as in various pathological situations such as psychiatric disorders, drug addiction and neurodegenerative disorders. The actual use of adenosine or adenosine receptor ligands in ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia, panic disorder and anxiety, cocaine dependence and Parkinsons disease is discussed. The evidence herein reviewed highlights the promising potential of adenosine or adenosine receptor ligands as therapeutic agents in several brain disorders.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
V. Lopes Luisa, M. Sebastiao Ana and A. Ribeiro Joaquim, Adenosine and Related Drugs in Brain Diseases: Present and Future in Clinical Trials, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611795347591
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611795347591 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Patent Selections:
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery <i>Panax notoginseng</i> Saponins Promote Cell Death and Chemosensitivity in Pancreatic Cancer through the Apoptosis and Autophagy Pathways
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Compartmentalized Platforms for Neuro-Pharmacological Research
Current Neuropharmacology Immune Responses to AAV in Clinical Trials
Current Gene Therapy Genes Underlying Monogenic and Multigenic Epilepsies in Mice
Current Genomics Cannabinoids as Neuroprotective Agents in Traumatic Brain Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Chemical Modifications of Ketoprofen (NSAID) in Search of Better Lead Compounds: A Review of Literature From 2004-2016
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Zinc as an Appetite Stimulator - The Possible Role of Zinc in the Progression of Diseases Such as Cachexia and Sarcopenia
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture Advances in the Development of Multimodal Imaging Agents for Nuclear/Near-infrared Fluorescence Imaging
Current Medicinal Chemistry Functional Connectivity Hubs Could Serve as a Potential Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Reproducible Study
Current Alzheimer Research Implication of Medical Treatment for Surgical Strategies in IBD
Current Drug Targets Alternative Medicine Safety: Agaricus blazei and Propolis
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Vitamin D Intervention Trials in Critical Illness
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) P-gp Transporter and its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry FoxO Transcription Factors and Regenerative Pathways in Diabetes Mellitus
Current Neurovascular Research Microarray Technologies for Intracellular Kinome Analysis
Current Medicinal Chemistry B-Cells and the Use of Non-Human Primates for Evaluation of HIV Vaccine Candidates
Current HIV Research Cystic Fibrosis: New Insights into Therapeutic Approaches
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors: Immunobiology and Potential Use for Immune Modulation
Current Gene Therapy Activation of Adenosine Receptor Potentiates the Anticonvulsant Effect of Phenytoin Against Amygdala Kindled Seizures
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets