Abstract
As the spectrum of therapeutic options broadens, the possibility of an early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimers disease (AD), or even isolation of a group at high risk of subsequent cognitive decline, is focusing widespread attention. Therefore, biological markers or risk factors of AD are highly desirable. In this work, we give an overview of the most extensively studied AD biomarkers, namely beta-amyloid, tau protein, and phosphorylated tau-protein, alone or in combination. Moreover, we describe the role of inflammatory markers (cytokines, acute phase proteins), oxidative stress markers (isoprostanes, 8-hydroxyguanine, 3-nitrotyrosine, plasma antioxidants, redox transition metals), homocysteine and related vitamins, cholesterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol in the diagnostic process or prediction of AD. We briefly review less popular, though promising markers of AD - markers of apoptosis, neuronal thread protein, acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase, sulfatide, kallikreins, matrix-degrading metalloproteinases, and novel isoforms of beta-amyloid and tau. Finally, we discuss the clinical applicability of AD-related biological markers.
Keywords: alzheimer's disease, biomarkers, amyloid-beta, tau, inflammation, oxidative stress, homocysteine, cholesterol
Current Alzheimer Research
Title: Biochemical Markers and Risk Factors of Alzheimers Disease
Volume: 2 Issue: 1
Author(s): Marcin Flirski and Tomasz Sobow
Affiliation:
Keywords: alzheimer's disease, biomarkers, amyloid-beta, tau, inflammation, oxidative stress, homocysteine, cholesterol
Abstract: As the spectrum of therapeutic options broadens, the possibility of an early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimers disease (AD), or even isolation of a group at high risk of subsequent cognitive decline, is focusing widespread attention. Therefore, biological markers or risk factors of AD are highly desirable. In this work, we give an overview of the most extensively studied AD biomarkers, namely beta-amyloid, tau protein, and phosphorylated tau-protein, alone or in combination. Moreover, we describe the role of inflammatory markers (cytokines, acute phase proteins), oxidative stress markers (isoprostanes, 8-hydroxyguanine, 3-nitrotyrosine, plasma antioxidants, redox transition metals), homocysteine and related vitamins, cholesterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol in the diagnostic process or prediction of AD. We briefly review less popular, though promising markers of AD - markers of apoptosis, neuronal thread protein, acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase, sulfatide, kallikreins, matrix-degrading metalloproteinases, and novel isoforms of beta-amyloid and tau. Finally, we discuss the clinical applicability of AD-related biological markers.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Flirski Marcin and Sobow Tomasz, Biochemical Markers and Risk Factors of Alzheimers Disease, Current Alzheimer Research 2005; 2 (1) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205052772704
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205052772704 |
Print ISSN 1567-2050 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5828 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
New Advances in the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Alzheimer's Disease
Aims and Scope: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing prevalence that demands concerted efforts to advance our understanding and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. This thematic issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and innovative approaches from multidisciplinary perspectives to address ...read more
Current updates on the Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neuroinflammation is an invariable hallmark of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders and has long been considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and dementia. Significant evidence of inflammatory processes as a feature of AD is provided by the presence of inflammatory markers in plasma, CSF and postmortem brain ...read more
Deep Learning for Advancing Alzheimer's Disease Research
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of individuals affected yearly. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has shown immense potential in various domains, including healthcare. This thematic issue of Current Alzheimer Research explores the application of deep learning techniques in advancing our ...read more
Diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of dementia
Dementia affects 18 million people worldwide. Dementia is a syndrome of symptoms caused by brain disease, usually chronic or progressive, clinically characterized by multiple impairments of higher cortical functions such as memory, thinking, orientation, and learning. In addition, in the course of dementia, cognitive deficits are observed, which often hinder ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Myelin Injury and Degraded Myelin Vesicles in Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Conference Report: 8<sup>th</sup> Clinical Trials on Alzheimer Disease (CTAD), Barcelona, Spain November 5-7, 2015
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Targeting the NMDA Receptor for Fear-Related Disorders
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) New Assay for Old Markers-Plasma Beta Amyloid of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Amyloid Peptide Neurotoxicity
Current Alzheimer Research Treating Schizophrenia: Novel Targets for the Cholinergic System
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Reduction of Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in Brain and its Involvement in the Neuroprotective Effect of n-3 PUFA in Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Alzheimer Research A Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Galantamine, a Reversible Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Alzheimer s Disease, in Healthy Subjects and Patients
Current Clinical Pharmacology The Neuropharmacology of Cluster Headache and other Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
Current Neuropharmacology Autoimmunity and Frontotemporal Dementia
Current Alzheimer Research Snapshots of Protein Folding Problem: Implications of Folding and Misfolding Studies
Protein & Peptide Letters The Science of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Association of Amyloid Burden, Brain Atrophy and Memory Deficits in Aged Apolipoprotein ε4 Mice
Current Alzheimer Research Oxidative Stress Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Modalities in Alzheimer Disease
Medicinal Chemistry Reviews - Online (Discontinued) A Surgical Opinion on Hyperalgesia/Nociception, Inflammatory/Neurogenic Pain and Anti-inflammatory Responses and Drug Interventions Revisited: Current Breakthroughs and Views
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Transient Blood Brain Barrier Disruption Induced by Oleic Acid is Mediated by Nitric Oxide
Current Neurovascular Research Neuroprotection & Mechanism of Ethanol in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury Therapy: New Prospects for an Ancient Drug
Current Drug Targets An Optimal Approach for Selecting Discriminant Regions for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Treatment of Fabry Disease: Current and Emerging Strategies
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology The Clinical and Biological Relationship between Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimers Disease
Current Alzheimer Research