Inflammation in Hypertension: Current Therapeutic Approaches

Emmanuel      Androulakis; Dimitris      Tousoulis; Nikolaos      Papageorgiou; George      Latsios; Gerasimos      Siasos; Costas      Tsioufis; Anastasios      Giolis; Christodoulos      Stefanadis

Abstract

The role of inflammation as crucial underlying process contributing to the initiation and the progression of atherosclerosis as well as its clinical manifestations is well established. Recent data have demonstrated also a strong association between essential hypertension and inflammatory process. In addition, several studies have shown that tissue expression and plasma concentrations of several inflammatory biomarkers/mediators are related to increased risk of hypertension. The determination of markers such as acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein), adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and chemokines is crucial in determining therapeutic responses and clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients. In addition, several therapeutic approaches targeting blood pressure may have also beneficial effects in terms of inflammation and thus further clinical benefits. Although the available data are encouraging, further large scale studies are required to evaluate the reported anti-inflammatory effects in management and treatment of arterial hypertension.

Keywords: Hypertension, inflammation, therapy, cytokines, blood pressure, atherosclerosis, cell infiltration, chemokines, Nuclear Factor-kappa B