Abstract
Among potential radiological, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, cholinergic nerve agents from chemical weapons remain a realistic terrorist threat due to its combination of high lethality, demonstrated use and relative abundance of un-destroyed stockpiles in various militaries around the world. While current fielded antidotes are able to mitigate acute poisoning, effective neuroprotection in the field remains a challenge amongst subjects with established status epilepticus following nerve agent intoxication. Due to ethical, safety and surety issues, extensive preclinical and clinical research on cholinergic nerve agents is not possible. This may have been a contributory factor for the slow progress in uncovering new neuroprotectants for nerve agent casualties with established status epilepticus. To overcome this challenge, comparative research with surrogate chemicals that produce similar hypercholinergic toxicity but with less security concerns would be a useful approach forward. In this paper, we will systemically compare the mechanism of seizure generation, propagation and the subsequent clinical, hematologic, and metabolic, biochemical, neuroinflammatory changes and current therapeutic approaches reported in pilocarpine, soman, and sarin models of seizures. This review will be an important first step in closing this knowledge gap among different closely related models of seizures and neurotoxicity. Hopefully, it will spur further efforts in using surrogate cholinergic models by the wider scientific community to expedite the development of a new generation of antidotes that are better able to protect against delayed neurological effects inflicted by nerve agents.
Keywords: Pilocarpine, nerve agents, surrogate, status epilepticus, mechanism, treatment, antidotes, neuroprotectants, soman, sarin, seizure generation
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Comparison of Status Epilepticus Models Induced by Pilocarpine and Nerve Agents - A Systematic Review of the Underlying Aetiology and Adopted Therapeutic Approaches
Volume: 18 Issue: 6
Author(s): F. R. Tang, W. K. Loke and E. A. Ling
Affiliation:
Keywords: Pilocarpine, nerve agents, surrogate, status epilepticus, mechanism, treatment, antidotes, neuroprotectants, soman, sarin, seizure generation
Abstract: Among potential radiological, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, cholinergic nerve agents from chemical weapons remain a realistic terrorist threat due to its combination of high lethality, demonstrated use and relative abundance of un-destroyed stockpiles in various militaries around the world. While current fielded antidotes are able to mitigate acute poisoning, effective neuroprotection in the field remains a challenge amongst subjects with established status epilepticus following nerve agent intoxication. Due to ethical, safety and surety issues, extensive preclinical and clinical research on cholinergic nerve agents is not possible. This may have been a contributory factor for the slow progress in uncovering new neuroprotectants for nerve agent casualties with established status epilepticus. To overcome this challenge, comparative research with surrogate chemicals that produce similar hypercholinergic toxicity but with less security concerns would be a useful approach forward. In this paper, we will systemically compare the mechanism of seizure generation, propagation and the subsequent clinical, hematologic, and metabolic, biochemical, neuroinflammatory changes and current therapeutic approaches reported in pilocarpine, soman, and sarin models of seizures. This review will be an important first step in closing this knowledge gap among different closely related models of seizures and neurotoxicity. Hopefully, it will spur further efforts in using surrogate cholinergic models by the wider scientific community to expedite the development of a new generation of antidotes that are better able to protect against delayed neurological effects inflicted by nerve agents.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
R. Tang F., K. Loke W. and A. Ling E., Comparison of Status Epilepticus Models Induced by Pilocarpine and Nerve Agents - A Systematic Review of the Underlying Aetiology and Adopted Therapeutic Approaches, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 18 (6) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986711794927720
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986711794927720 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
Current advances in inherited cardiomyopathy
Describe in detail all novel advances in multimodality imaging related to inherited cardiomyopathy diagnosis and prognosis. Shed light to deeper phenotypic characterization. Acknowledge recent advances in genetics, genomics and precision medicineread more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Therapeutic Use of Antioxidants in Sepsis
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Therapeutic Potential of Metabotropic GABA (GABAB) Receptors and their Effector Ion Channels
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Histamine as a Potential Adjuvant to Immuno and Radiotherapy for Cancer Treatment: Discovering New Functions for the Oldest Biogenic Amine
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Recent Patents on Emerging Therapeutics for the Treatment of Glaucoma, Age Related Macular Degeneration and Uveitis
Recent Patents on Biomedical Engineering (Discontinued) Metformin Beyond Diabetes: New Life for an Old Drug
Current Diabetes Reviews Cannabinoids as Neuroprotective Agents in Traumatic Brain Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Solid-Phase Extraction of Verapamil from Biological Fluids and Human Urine
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Chemistry of the Genus Dorstenia
Current Organic Chemistry Transient Receptor Potential Channels - Emerging Novel Drug Targets for the Treatment of Pain
Current Medicinal Chemistry Immunotherapy in Bladder Cancer
Current Molecular Pharmacology Cyclo-Oxygenase (COX) Inhibiting Nitric Oxide Donating (CINODs) Drugs: A Review of Their Current Status
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Beta-Blockers: Current State of Knowledge and Perspectives
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Intra-arterial Instillation of a Nociceptive Agent Modulates Cardiorespiratory Parameters Involving 5-HT3 and TRPV1 Receptors in Anesthetized Rats
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Pharmacological Treatments for Cocaine Dependence: Is There Something New?
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Inflammatory Response in Cardiac Surgery: An Overview of the Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Digital Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis – How to Manage in 2013?
Current Rheumatology Reviews Computational Studies of Competitive Inhibitors of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Enzymes: Towards the Development of Powerful and Isoform-Selective Inhibitors
Current Medicinal Chemistry Current Research on Opioid Receptor Function
Current Drug Targets Epigenetic Drugs in Cognitive Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Tachykinins and the Cardiovascular System
Current Drug Targets