Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a spectrum of liver damage ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is considered the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance represents its pathophysiological hallmark. Insulin resistance in NAFLD is characterized by reduced whole-body, hepatic, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. The mechanism(s) underlying the accumulation of fat in the liver may include excess dietary fat, increased delivery of free fatty acids to the liver, inadequate fatty acid oxidation, and increased de novo lipogenesis. Liver fat is highly correlated with all the components of the metabolic syndrome, independent of obesity, and NAFLD may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Overproduction of glucose, very low-density lipoproteins, C-reactive protein and coagulation factors by the fatty liver could contribute to the excess risk of cardiovascular disease. The reason(s) why some patients will develop NASH are poorly understood. Circulating free fatty acids may be cytotoxic by inducing lipid peroxidation and hepatocyte apoptosis. Insulin resistance is often associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and numerous mediators released from immune cells and adipocytes may contribute liver damage and liver disease progression. Understanding the molecular mediators of liver injury would promote the development of mechanism-based therapeutic interventions. This article briefly summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between NAFLD/NASH, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
Keywords: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, insulin, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Volume: 16 Issue: 17
Author(s): E. Bugianesi, S. Moscatiello, M.F. Ciaravella and G. Marchesini
Affiliation:
Keywords: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, insulin, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease
Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a spectrum of liver damage ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is considered the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance represents its pathophysiological hallmark. Insulin resistance in NAFLD is characterized by reduced whole-body, hepatic, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. The mechanism(s) underlying the accumulation of fat in the liver may include excess dietary fat, increased delivery of free fatty acids to the liver, inadequate fatty acid oxidation, and increased de novo lipogenesis. Liver fat is highly correlated with all the components of the metabolic syndrome, independent of obesity, and NAFLD may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Overproduction of glucose, very low-density lipoproteins, C-reactive protein and coagulation factors by the fatty liver could contribute to the excess risk of cardiovascular disease. The reason(s) why some patients will develop NASH are poorly understood. Circulating free fatty acids may be cytotoxic by inducing lipid peroxidation and hepatocyte apoptosis. Insulin resistance is often associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and numerous mediators released from immune cells and adipocytes may contribute liver damage and liver disease progression. Understanding the molecular mediators of liver injury would promote the development of mechanism-based therapeutic interventions. This article briefly summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between NAFLD/NASH, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Bugianesi E., Moscatiello S., Ciaravella M.F. and Marchesini G., Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2010; 16 (17) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210791208875
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210791208875 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Testosterone as Potential Effective Therapy in Treatment of Obesity in Men with Testosterone Deficiency: A Review
Current Diabetes Reviews Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery The Intermediate Enzymes of Isoprenoid Metabolism as Anticancer Targets
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Vulnerable Plaque and Inflammation: Potential Clinical Strategies
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Statins on Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Review of the Literature
Current Cardiology Reviews Group A Streptococcal Vaccine Candidates based on the Conserved Conformational Epitope from M Protein
Drug Delivery Letters Therapeutic Targeting of P-Selectin in Atherosclerosis
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Lentinus edodes: A Macrofungus with Pharmacological Activities
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Pathophysiological Basis of Carotid Baroreceptor Stimulation for the Treatment of Resistant Hypertension
Current Vascular Pharmacology Nano-constructed Carriers Loaded With Antioxidant: Boon For Cardiovascular System
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mediterranean Diet and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of Protein
Current Nutrition & Food Science Radiolabelled Quinoline Derivaties for the PET Imaging of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor
Current Medical Imaging The Fibroblast Growth Factor 23: A New Player in the Field of Cardiovascular, Bone and Renal Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology Fragmented ECG as a Risk Marker in Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Cardiology Reviews The Multiple Electrocardiographic Manifestations of Ventricular Repolarization Memory
Current Cardiology Reviews Modulation of Platelet Function and Signaling by Flavonoids
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Myocardial Infarction after Rituximab Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Is there a Link?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Colchicine in Coronary Artery Disease: An Old Acquaintance in New Attire?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Effects of Coronary Computer Tomography Angiography Screening on Smoking Habits in Asymptomatic Individuals with Family History of Premature Coronary Heart Disease
New Emirates Medical Journal