Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of key proteins that permit mammals to detect microbes and endogenous molecules, which are present in body fluids, cell membranes and cytoplasm. They confer mechanisms to the host for maintaining homeostasis, activating innate immunity and inducing signals that lead to the activation of adaptive immunity. TLR signalling induces the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-viral genes through different and intricate pathways. However, persistent signalling can be dangerous and all members of the TLR family are involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer and aging. The pharmaceutical industry has begun intensive work developing novel immunotherapeutic approaches based on both activation and inhibition of TLR triggering. Further, clinical trials are pending to evaluate TLR agonists as novel vaccine adjuvants and for the treatment of infectious diseases, allergic diseases and asthma. Since systemic, metabolic and neuroendocrine changes are elicited by inflammation, TLR activity is susceptible of regulation by hormones and neuroendocrine factors. Neuroendocrine mediators are important players in modulating different phases of TLR regulation contributing to the endogenous control of homeostasis through local, regional and systemic routes. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an important signal molecule of the neuroendocrine-immune network that has recently emerged as a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders by controlling innate and adaptive immunity. This review shows current advances in the understanding of TLR modulation by VIP that could contribute to the use of this natural peptide as a therapeutic tool.
Keywords: TLR, neuropeptides, VIP, autoimmunity, inflammation, immunotherapy, drug design
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Peptides Targeting Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Pathways for Novel Immune Therapeutics
Volume: 16 Issue: 9
Author(s): Rosa P. Gomariz, Irene Gutierrez-Canas, Alicia Arranz, Mar Carrion, Yasmina Juarranz, Javier Leceta and Carmen Martinez
Affiliation:
Keywords: TLR, neuropeptides, VIP, autoimmunity, inflammation, immunotherapy, drug design
Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of key proteins that permit mammals to detect microbes and endogenous molecules, which are present in body fluids, cell membranes and cytoplasm. They confer mechanisms to the host for maintaining homeostasis, activating innate immunity and inducing signals that lead to the activation of adaptive immunity. TLR signalling induces the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-viral genes through different and intricate pathways. However, persistent signalling can be dangerous and all members of the TLR family are involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer and aging. The pharmaceutical industry has begun intensive work developing novel immunotherapeutic approaches based on both activation and inhibition of TLR triggering. Further, clinical trials are pending to evaluate TLR agonists as novel vaccine adjuvants and for the treatment of infectious diseases, allergic diseases and asthma. Since systemic, metabolic and neuroendocrine changes are elicited by inflammation, TLR activity is susceptible of regulation by hormones and neuroendocrine factors. Neuroendocrine mediators are important players in modulating different phases of TLR regulation contributing to the endogenous control of homeostasis through local, regional and systemic routes. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an important signal molecule of the neuroendocrine-immune network that has recently emerged as a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders by controlling innate and adaptive immunity. This review shows current advances in the understanding of TLR modulation by VIP that could contribute to the use of this natural peptide as a therapeutic tool.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Gomariz P. Rosa, Gutierrez-Canas Irene, Arranz Alicia, Carrion Mar, Juarranz Yasmina, Leceta Javier and Martinez Carmen, Peptides Targeting Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Pathways for Novel Immune Therapeutics, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2010; 16 (9) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210790963841
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210790963841 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Dietary Fat Intake and Allergic Diseases
Current Nutrition & Food Science Comprehensive Profile of <i>Madhuca Longifolia</i> in Pharma and Food Industry
Current Nutraceuticals Inhibitory Role of Resveratrol in the Development of Profibrogenesis and Fibrosis Mechanisms
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Plasma Proteins Interaction with Curcumin Nanoparticles: Implications in Cancer Therapeutics
Current Drug Metabolism The Yin and Yang of Inflammation
Current Molecular Medicine Celastrol Inhibits Inflammatory Stimuli-Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation
Current Molecular Medicine Utilization of Evidence-Based Secondary Prevention Medications at the Time of Discharge in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in Qatar
Current Vascular Pharmacology Nanoceuticals as an Emerging Field: Current Status and Future Prospective
Current Nutrition & Food Science Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Triterpenoids; Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Agents
Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry Immunobiology of Antigen-Specific Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Treatment with Paracetamol is not Associated with Increased Airway Sensitivity and Risk of Asthma in Rats
Current Drug Safety Designing Multiple Ligands – Medicinal Chemistry Strategies and Challenges
Current Pharmaceutical Design CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Tool: A Promising Tool for Therapeutic Applications on Respiratory Diseases
Current Gene Therapy Adenosine Receptor Ligands in Clinical Trials
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Preface [Hot Topic: Nitric Oxide (Guest Editor: Bahar Tunctan)]
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Glucocorticoid Receptors and Bone
Current Pharmaceutical Design Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors - Drug Design and Differentiation Based on Selectivity, Pharmacokinetic and Efficacy Profiles
Current Pharmaceutical Design Hemopoietic Progenitor Cells and Hemopoietic Factors: Potential Targets for Treatment of Allergic Inflammatory Diseases
Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Acute and Long-Term Effects of Cannabis Use: A Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design Atherosclerotic Plaque Stabilization - Potential Role for Immunomodulatory Therapy
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued)