Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a common underlying mechanism of many neuropathologies, as they have been shown to damage various cellular components, including proteins, lipids and DNA. Free radicals, especially superoxide (O2 .-), and non-radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can be generated in quantities large enough to overwhelm endogenous protective enzyme systems, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Here we review the mechanisms of ROS and RNS production, and their roles in ischemia, traumatic brain injury and aging. In particular, we discuss several acute and chronic pharmacological therapies that have been extensively studied in order to reduce ROS/RNS loads in cells and the subsequent oxidative stress, so-called “free-radical scavengers.” Although the overall aim has been to counteract the detrimental effects of ROS/RNS in these pathologies, success has been limited, especially in human clinical studies. This review highlights some of the recent successes and failures in animal and human studies by attempting to link a compounds chemical structure with its efficacy as a free radical scavenger. In particular, we demonstrate how antioxidants derived from natural products, as well as long-term dietary alterations, may prove to be effective scavengers of ROS and RNS.
Keywords: Anthocyanins, natural products, NXY-059, oxidative stress, oxyresveratrol, reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, superoxide
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Antioxidants and Free Radical Scavengers for the Treatment Of Stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury and Aging
Volume: 15 Issue: 4
Author(s): J. T. Weber, J. E. Slemmer, J. J. Shacka and M. I. Sweeney
Affiliation:
Keywords: Anthocyanins, natural products, NXY-059, oxidative stress, oxyresveratrol, reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, superoxide
Abstract: The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a common underlying mechanism of many neuropathologies, as they have been shown to damage various cellular components, including proteins, lipids and DNA. Free radicals, especially superoxide (O2 .-), and non-radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can be generated in quantities large enough to overwhelm endogenous protective enzyme systems, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Here we review the mechanisms of ROS and RNS production, and their roles in ischemia, traumatic brain injury and aging. In particular, we discuss several acute and chronic pharmacological therapies that have been extensively studied in order to reduce ROS/RNS loads in cells and the subsequent oxidative stress, so-called “free-radical scavengers.” Although the overall aim has been to counteract the detrimental effects of ROS/RNS in these pathologies, success has been limited, especially in human clinical studies. This review highlights some of the recent successes and failures in animal and human studies by attempting to link a compounds chemical structure with its efficacy as a free radical scavenger. In particular, we demonstrate how antioxidants derived from natural products, as well as long-term dietary alterations, may prove to be effective scavengers of ROS and RNS.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Weber T. J., Slemmer E. J., Shacka J. J. and Sweeney I. M., Antioxidants and Free Radical Scavengers for the Treatment Of Stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury and Aging, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2008; 15 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986708783497337
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986708783497337 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Identification of a Therapeutic Dose of Continuously Delivered Erythropoietin in the Eye Using An Inducible Promoter System
Current Gene Therapy Histamine as a Potential Adjuvant to Immuno and Radiotherapy for Cancer Treatment: Discovering New Functions for the Oldest Biogenic Amine
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Disruption of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in Critical Illness and its Impact on the Development of Delirium
Current Pharmaceutical Design Repurposed Drugs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Potential Use of Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Healthy and Diseased Brain
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Pharmacogenomics and Sepsis-Induced Renal Failure: Effects of β 2-Adrenoceptor Function on the Course of Sepsis
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Proteostasis, an Emerging Therapeutic Paradigm for Managing Inflammatory Airway Stress Disease
Current Molecular Medicine FK506 and Its Analogs - Therapeutic Potential for Neurological Disorders
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders Brain Segmentation Using Deep Neural Networks
International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control Colloidal and Pharmacological Activity of Albumin in Clinical Fluid Management:Recent Developments
Current Drug Therapy Activity-Dependent Neurorehabilitation Beyond Physical Trainings: “Mental Exercise” Through Mirror Neuron Activation
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Protein Kinase C Isozymes: Memory Therapeutic Potential
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Abdominal Oncology
Current Medical Imaging Platelet-neutrophil Interactions as a Target for Prevention and Treatment of Transfusion- related Acute Lung Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Protein Transduction Revisited: Novel Insights Into the Mechanism Underlying Intracellular Delivery of Proteins
Current Pharmaceutical Design A Chemical Genetics Approach for Specific Differentiation of Stem Cells to Somatic Cells: A New Promising Therapeutical Approach
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening The Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus, Geriatric Syndromes, Physical Function, and Gait: A Review of the Literature
Current Diabetes Reviews Dysregulation of SIRT-1 Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmune Disorders: A Systematic Review of SIRTUIN Activators as Potential Immunomodulators and their Influences on other Dysfunctions
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets ARC - Augmented Renal Clearance
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Disease-Related Changes in TRPV1 Expression and Its Implications for Drug Development
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry