Recent Patents on Engineering

In recent few years, the enormous growth of IoT objects and cloud-based storage systems has directed towards huge distributed repositories of data. The heterogeneous IoT data created by devices is stored in different databases. Besides, the open IoT framework exploits the Incorporation of big data platforms as per the specific application requirements. Notably, in case of extrapolative methods, the data is continuously gathered through IoT devices and from open data sources. In this perspective, the convergence of Big Data with IoT needs to address specific technical functionalities. So, the main objective is to collect enormous data, combined with data analytics and data automation software. Next, the cognitive analysis of data gathered from IoT devices and sensors. Then, integrating the Big Data and IoT with cloud environment for utilizing various cloud services is offered. The primary objective of this special issue is to address the various problems identified pertaining to the convergence of Big Data, IoT, and Cloud computing. The special issue has a wide range of contributions such as (1) Aspect oriented Software Systems (2) Industrial Internet of Things (3) Magnetic Resonance Image processing though Graphical Processing Unit and (4) Service level agreement for the cloud computing environment. This special issue will facilitate the research group as a valuable resource towards advancing the emerging technologies towards real-time applications. Authors in the paper titled, "A Framework for evaluating extensibility in an aspect- oriented software system and its validation” address the problem of extensibility in software systems. The authors propose evaluating extensibility and validation for software systems through the aspect oriented approach. There is growing demand on dynamic and voluminous data through emerging technologies such as Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, etc. Hence, this paper's main objective is to present an aspect-oriented approach that handles code dynamically and extensibility of the software design process. The authors also proposed a Karl Pearson Product Movement based Correlation method for evaluating and validating the extensibility of aspect oriented software systems. The proposed framework includes various performance factors that influence software extensibility, such as design size, complexity, coupling, and cohesion. Authors in the paper titled, "A Multi-Layered framework for Internet of Everything (IoE) via Wireless Communication and Distributed Computing in Industry 4.0" targets the role of IoT in Industrial evolution. The convergence of smart emerging technologies such as IoT, Big data, Cloud computing, Fog computing, and wireless network leads to more sophisticated Industrial advancements. Here, the authors address the interconnection establishment of various smart components of IIoT. A three-tiered framework to handle the influencing factors of IIoT such as heterogeneity, voluminous, and variety is proposed. The paper provides an overview of IIoT components, principles behind IIoT, communication, and internetworking standards. Authors in a paper titled "GPU Accelerated Bilateral Filter for MR Image Denoising" address the importance of magnetic resonance imaging as a vital part of computer-aided diagnostic system. Various benefits of a remote healthcare system and enhanced MRI techniques are explored in this paper. Further, the classification of soft tissues and texture based on the Markov model is presented in this work. The quality of MR Image is enhanced through CUDA Graphic Processing Unit. The authors use the accelerated bilateral filter to improve the denoising mechanism of MR images. The experimentation results show that GPU speed up is 382 times for an image size of 65 megapixel image at the total computation time of 334.01 msec. Authors in the paper titled "Preserving SLA Parameters for Trusted IaaS Cloud: An Intelligent Monitoring Approach" address the issues associated with service level agreement between cloud service providers and customers in the cloud computing environment. The authors address the possible actions, compliance of SLA, penalties for breaching and trust stability. The SLA's vital components include computing resources, utilization levels, measurement, maintenance, and handling the value factors detailed by the authors in this work. The special issue will help students, researchers, professionals, engineers, and developers have a deep insight into the emerging techniques and their need for convergence to solve the various real-world problems. We hope this special issue will impact the readers and increase the interest in this field of research.

It gives us immense pleasure to write the editorial for Volume 14, Issue 3 of the “Recent Patents on Engineering (RPENG)”. The acceptance rate for this issue is 41%. Hence, the target of this issue to provide good quality of research papers is well met. In the paper by A. Ahmad et al., [1] the massive growth of information has led to the wide usage of recommender systems for retrieving relevant information. One of the widely used methods for recommendation is collaborative filtering. However, such methods suffer from two problems; scalability and sparsity. In the proposed research, the two issues of collaborative filtering are addressed and a cluster-based recommender system is proposed. For the identification of potential clusters from the underlying network, the Shapley value concept is used, which divides users into different clusters. After that, the recommendation algorithm is performed in every respective cluster. The proposed system recommends an item to a specific user based on the ratings of the item’s different attributes. Thus, it reduces the running time of the overall algorithm, since it avoids the overhead of computation involved when the algorithm is executed over the entire dataset. K. Ahmad et al., [2] presented the bottleneck review of Mix Networks (MixNets). MixNet was proposed by Chaum in 1996. MixNet provides the untraceable anonymous communication to the sender and receiver as well as security and privacy of the messages. It overcomes vulnerabilities and improves the communication and efficiently handles the variable lengths messages and yields the desirable output. They categorized the MixNets based on cryptography techniques and MixNet classification. T. Khan et al., [3] described multicasting as a robust and efficient one-to-many group transmission technique to reduce communication cost, bandwidth consumption, processing time, and delays with similar reliability as of regular unicast. This patent presents a novel and comprehensive congestion control method known as an integrated multicast congestion control approach (ICMA) to reduce packet loss. The recommended mechanism is based on a leave-join and flows control mechanism along with a Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controller to reduce packet loss, depending on the congestion status. The PID controller computes the expected incoming rate at each router and feedback this rate to upstream routers of the multicast network to stabilize their local buffer occupancy. The approach combines three key concepts: first, it uses queue length to detect congestion; second, the leave-join method is used to reduce congestion when numbers of layers are more than one; third, if congestion is too high and all the receivers leave enhancement layers and join the base layer then we applied flow control mechanism. ICMA dynamically adjust sending rate and leverage single rate scheme LIMD in the multi-rate environment depending upon the feedback received. This approach can be implemented in future systems to provide long term and costefficient solutions for the delivery of affordable multimedia services to users. The simulation results of NS-2 showed remarkable performance of the proposed approach in terms of delay, throughput, bandwidth utilization, and packet loss than the other existing methods. ICMA provides better bandwidth utilization and throughput than other existing approaches. In paper by M. Ahmed et al., [4], the idle listening period to acquire the shared channel in the wireless sensor networks is found to consume much of the battery power. SMAC protocol proposes a static approach to address this issue by assigning fixed time slots for sleep and awake periods. Every sensor node shall wait for its awake period to transmit the data, thus reducing the idle listening wastage of energy. This research paper proposed a dynamic approach for the sleep and awake periods. It proposes to decide the sleep and awake periods by adjusting it according to the data transmission pattern of all the sensor nodes. In paper by T. Kaur et al., [5], it is emphasised that for the efficient functioning of Body Area Networks, it is critical to obtain minimal energy consumption with the required level of Quality of Service as data to be communicated is important. Therefore, effective and efficient techniques for route selection between data packets are highly required. This paper proposes an Optimized Energy Efficient and Quality-of-Service aware Routing Protocol (OEEQR) to achieve longer network lifetime, energy efficiency, lower delay, and high throughput. Routing is done based on the value of the proposed cost function which is the best combination of residual energy, distance, and path loss as its parameters. The cost function is optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. Node with a minimum value of the cost function is selected as the forwarder node. Our most sincere thanks go to the Editor in Chief, Editorial Board Members, and reviewers who had reviewed the papers sincerely and gave the review of paper within time to publish this on the scheduled date. We are also thankful for those authors whose manuscript could not be accepted due to various issues and would like to suggest them to submit the paper to another journal or forthcoming issues after modifying the manuscript as per reviewers’ comments.

Welcome to the special issue on “Renewable Energy Research and Applications”, in Recent Patents on Engineering (RPENG). Diminishing level of conventional energy resources results in the increased focus of researcher in renewable energy based system. In the past years, a significant amount of research on renewable energy systems has been carried out and is reported in the form of various patents. Among them, many topics have inspired researchers' interests, such as grid-tied renewable systems, off-grid/standalone hybrid systems, microgrid, nanogrid, PV based irrigation systems etc. RPENG is a peer-reviewed journal considers both theoretical and implementation based papers. The demand for electricity is increasing drastically and impacts of using conventional fuels like pollution, global warming, rising environmental temperature, shifting of weather cycle etc. are also very prominent. Due to these reasons, renewable energy gained much interest in the last two decades [1-6]. The purpose of the Special Issue on Renewable Energy Research and Applications is to bring together researchers, engineers, manufacturers, practitioners and customers from all over the world to share and discuss advances and developments in renewable energy research and applications. The aims to present significant results in the international renewable energy community in the form of research, development, applications, design, and technology. It is therefore intended to assist researchers, scientists, manufacturers, companies, communities, agencies, associations and societies to keep abreast of new developments in their specialities and to unite in finding alternative energy solutions to current issues such as the greenhouse effect, sustainable and clean energy issues. In the first article, authors have suggested Distributed Delay Framework (DDF) mechanism incorporate the delay factor in the evolution of the membrane potential of a neuron model regarding distributed delay kernel functions. Depending on the parameter of the investigation, there exist some choices of delay kernel function for a neuron model. Authors have concluded that the LIFH model is capable of reproducing unimodal, bimodal and multimodal inter-spike- interval distributions which are qualitatively similar to the experimentally observed ISI distributions. The second article has performed, a study and analysis of performance parameter of (Bi/Sb)-Te based TE alloy along with an investigation over a wide range of temperature. A Bi2Te3 based commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) TEG has been experimentally tested in controlled temperature environment for the analysis of its efficiency and it has found that maximum efficiency of 2.12% is achieved at a temperature difference of 60oC. Investigation performed in this article that is useful for the selection of material for thermal energy harvesting techniques and helps to provide an optimized framework for the research community to decide the (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 mixed crystal alloy for their applications. The third article includes study and analyses of various aggregation techniques applied in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) point out the improvements in various QoS parameters resulted due to the application of aggregation on routes, data and address in the field of MANETs. The Route Aggregation (RA) methodology is a very effective mechanism to improve various QoS parameters like delay packet delivery ratio etc., that primarily leads to the reduction of the average energy consumed. It also demonstrates the security enhancements possible in the field of MANET contributed by aggregation. The next article proposes a computational model of these human memory processes to perform complex tasks in the way humans do. The proposed model simulates the cognition of the human memory process by incorporating the functionality of episodic, semantic and procedural memory along with their interaction system. The model uses hippocampus cortical interaction based biological model and competitive trace theory to mimic the process of episodic as well as semantic memory. A novel approach has been proposed to encode events in the episodic memory to simulate primacy, recency effect, and Ebbinghaus forgetting mechanism. The procedural memory has been modelled as per the biological model of basal ganglia to provide functionalities like reinforcement learning. The proposed model also incorporates the tripartite architecture of the hippocampus, posterior cortex and frontal cortex with basal ganglia to support human-like decision-making system in novel situations. The last article explored a Multi-input Dual-output (MIDO) DC-DC converter based stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) system; surrounded with plants for water pumping with the stable flow (not pulsating) along with battery energy storage (BES) for lighting. The proposed work has two main objectives; first to maximize the available PV power under shadowing and mismatching condition in case of series/parallel connected PV modules and second is to improve the utilization of available PV energy with dual loads connected to it. Implementation of the proposed MIDO converter along with BES to address these objectives has been carried out. Finally, we would like to thank all the reviewers for their excellent work and the authors for their contribution. We expect that Recent Patents on Engineering provide the best platform for the authors and the readers, with a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in the area of engineering.

Big Data Analysis

It is a matter of pleasure for us to put forth the special issue on “Machine Learning (ML) and Knowledge Mining (KM)” in Recent Patents on Engineering, Bentham Science. The special issue on Machine Learning (ML) and Knowledge Mining (KM) invited researchers /Academia to submit the original work in the area of Machine learning and Knowledge Mining. Machine learning and Knowledge Mining represents the development in the field of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics & Business Intelligence and played a vital role in information technology and sciences. Basically, Machine learning is the technology of implementing a system which can act without being explicitly programmed. ML & KM has the ability to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns. One key goal of ML and KM was to be able to generalize a limited set of data. Machine learning has been used to develop self-driving cars, practical speech recognition system, effective web search engines, and a greatly improved understanding of the human genome. In general, Machine learning deals with designing and developing algorithms to evolve behaviors based on empirical data. Machine learning and Knowledge Mining applications include algorithms to identify spam or to stop credit card fraud, systems that analyze past sales data to predict customer behavior, extract knowledge from bioinformatics data, images and video, optimize robot behavior so that a task can be completed using minimum resources, identify listening failures not limited to them but a long list of interesting and extremely useful applications. Machine learning and Knowledge Mining are so persistent today that we probably use them dozens of times a day without knowing it. The main scope of this special issue is to bring together applications of machine learning in the area given below in order to provide a wide range of techniques that can be effectively applied and also to show how such techniques should be adapted to each particular domain. This issue presents a compilation of six papers that span a broad variety of research topics in various emerging areas of Information Technology and Computer Science. Finalizing the constitution of the panel of referees, for double-blind peer review(s) of the considered manuscripts, was a painstaking process, but it helped us to ensure that the best of the considered manuscripts are showcased and that too after undergoing multiple cycles of review, as required. The six papers, that were finally published, were chosen out of twenty-five papers that we received from all over the world for this issue. We understand that the confirmation of the final acceptance, to the authors / contributors, sometimes is delayed, but we also hope that you concur with us in the fact that quality review is a time taking process which is further delayed if the reviewers are senior researchers in their respective fields and hence, are hard pressed for time. The first paper is “Security of NoSQL Database Against Intruders”. The goal of this paper is to discuss NoSQL features over traditional databases such as high scalability, distributed computing, lower cost, schema flexibility, semi or un-semi structural data and no complex relationship. In this paper, authors described the security of NoSQL database against intruders which is growing rapidly. Conclusion: This paper also defines probably the most prominent NoSQL databases and describes their security aspects and problems [1]. The second paper is “Energy Efficient Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks”. The aim is to enhance energy efficiency that leads to a prolonged lifetime of networks. In this paper, authors have emphasized on energy efficient clustering technique along with feature wise summary of existing clustering protocols [2]. The third paper is “A Review on Sentiment Classification: Natural Language Understanding”. The goal is to understand the basic steps involved in analyzing the text data which can be helpful in determining sentiments behind them. This review provides a detailed description of steps involved in sentiment analysis with the recent research done. Patents related to sentiment analysis and classifications have been reviewed to throw some light on the work done related to the field. Results: Sentiment analysis determines the polarity behind the text data/review. This analysis helps in increasing the business revenue, e-health, or determining the behavior of a person. In this paper, authors concluded that this study helps in understanding the basic steps involved in natural language understanding. At each step, there are multiple techniques that can be applied to data. Different classifiers provide variable accuracy depending on the data set and classification technique used [3]. The fourth paper is “QoS Enabled Improved Location Aided Routing (QEILA)”, the objective of this work is to harness the location aided routing and build a protocol which provides Quality of Service in terms of required battery life and available bandwidth. Method: In this work, various patented and non-patented location-based routing and Quality of Service methods for a wireless network have been reviewed. The improved location aided routing protocol has been utilized and equipped with Quality of Service to check while selecting the next forwarding node for path construction. In this paper, the proposed system can be utilized for transmitting heavy data traffic in Mobile Ad-hoc net-work with Quality of Service in real time situation [4]. The fifth paper of this issue is “A Hybrid Filtering Approach for an Improved Context-aware Recommender System”. The goal of this work is to identify and propose a new hybrid approach which can include contextual information to improve the current movie recommender systems. Method: Post evaluation of various patents related to recommender systems, the proposed approach modifies the post filter approach to rectify its shortcomings and combines it with the pre-filter approach based on the importance of contextual attribute provided by the user. Results: The performance of the proposed system is measured in terms of the precision of the system and ranking of the recommended movies to the user. In this paper, authors concluded with the help of this hybrid approach, the proposed system eliminates the problem of sparsity which is present in the pre-filter algorithm, and has performance improvement over the traditional post-filter approach. The proposed system will be vital for movie ticketing brands for promotional purposes and various online content providers to recommend accurate movies to their users [5]. The sixth paper is “Model for Gestational Diabetes on web-based parameters”; the goal of this paper is to depict a differential equation-based model for gestational diabetes i.e. glucose concentration, insulin concentration, placental volume, beta-cell mass and haemoglobin alc. Further in this work, the stability of the model is discussed by routh-hurwitz stability criterion. In this paper, authors have taken different parameters associated with diabetes mellitus into consideration for the mathematical model which shows the effects on glucose level and thus helpful in under-standing the role of these parameters in diabetes. In future, by understanding the role of these parameters, a necessary action can be taken as precautions to avoid/treat gestational diabetes mellitus [6]. We give sincere thanks to Dr, Togay Ozbakkaloglu, Editor-in-Chief, Recent Patents on Engineering for giving us an opportunity to convene the special issue in his esteemed publishing Journal and Mr. M. Shahid Nisar, Assistant Manager Publication, Bentham Science for his kind cooperation in completion of this issue. We thank our esteemed authors for having shown confidence in the special issue and considering Recent Patents on Engineering as a platform to showcase and share their original research work. We would also wish to thank the authors whose papers were not published in this issue of the Journal, probably because of the minor shortcomings.

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