Abstract
In this work, the development of a gel reservoir for a timolol (TM) transdermal iontophoretic delivery system is investigated. TM gel is prepared using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and the permeability of TM from the gel through an artificial membrane (Polyflux®) and pig stratum corneum (SC) is studied. For a constant TM donor concentration, the TM transport across the Polyflux® membrane alone decreases when the concentration of the gel increases due to increase of the gel viscosity. For constant gel concentration, however, the TM permeation across the membrane increases when the TM donor concentration increases. In addition, no effect of the electrical current (iontophoresis, current density 0.5 mA cm-2) on the TM permeation is found. For the combination of the Polyflux® membrane with pig SC, the TM transport is much lower than for the membrane alone and the SC fully controls the TM delivery. In this case, the application of electrical current enhances the TM delivery 13-15 times in comparison to passive (no current) transport. According to our estimation, the daily TM dose (10- 60 mg) can be delivered by an iontophoretic patch with Polyflux® membrane area of 6 - 36 cm2 containing 20 % (w / w) HPC gel and 15 mg cm-3 of TM.
Keywords: transdermal, timolol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, gel reservoir, iontophoresis
Current Drug Delivery
Title: In Vitro Evaluation of a Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Gel System for Transdermal Delivery of Timolol
Volume: 1 Issue: 4
Author(s): D. F. Stamatialis, H. H.M. Rolevink, M. Girones, D. C. Nymeijer and G. H. Koops
Affiliation:
Keywords: transdermal, timolol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, gel reservoir, iontophoresis
Abstract: In this work, the development of a gel reservoir for a timolol (TM) transdermal iontophoretic delivery system is investigated. TM gel is prepared using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and the permeability of TM from the gel through an artificial membrane (Polyflux®) and pig stratum corneum (SC) is studied. For a constant TM donor concentration, the TM transport across the Polyflux® membrane alone decreases when the concentration of the gel increases due to increase of the gel viscosity. For constant gel concentration, however, the TM permeation across the membrane increases when the TM donor concentration increases. In addition, no effect of the electrical current (iontophoresis, current density 0.5 mA cm-2) on the TM permeation is found. For the combination of the Polyflux® membrane with pig SC, the TM transport is much lower than for the membrane alone and the SC fully controls the TM delivery. In this case, the application of electrical current enhances the TM delivery 13-15 times in comparison to passive (no current) transport. According to our estimation, the daily TM dose (10- 60 mg) can be delivered by an iontophoretic patch with Polyflux® membrane area of 6 - 36 cm2 containing 20 % (w / w) HPC gel and 15 mg cm-3 of TM.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Stamatialis F. D., Rolevink H.M. H., Girones M., Nymeijer C. D. and Koops H. G., In Vitro Evaluation of a Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Gel System for Transdermal Delivery of Timolol, Current Drug Delivery 2004; 1 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201043334551
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201043334551 |
Print ISSN 1567-2018 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5704 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances of natural products, bio-actives and novel drug delivery system against emerging viral infections
Due to the increasing prevalence of viral infections and the ability of these human pathogens to develop resistance to current treatment strategies, there is a great need to find and develop new compounds to combat them. These molecules must have low toxicity, specific activity and high bioavailability. The most suitable ...read more
Electrospun Fibers as Drug Delivery Systems
In recent years, electrospun fibers have attracted considerable attention as potential platforms for drug delivery due to their distinctive properties and adaptability. These fibers feature a notable surface area-to-volume ratio and can be intentionally designed with high porosity, facilitating an increased capacity for drug loading and rendering them suitable for ...read more
Emerging Nanotherapeutics for Mitigation of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Conditions affecting the central nervous system (CNS) present a significant hurdle due to limited access of both treatments and diagnostic tools for the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as a barrier, restricting the passage of molecules from the bloodstream into the brain. The most formidable challenge facing scientists is ...read more
Nanotechnology Based Chemotherapy for the treatment of Head & Neck Cancer
The escalating recurrence rates observed in Head and Neck cancer, particularly within the chemo-therapeutically treated cohort (50-60%), can be attributed to the non-selective nature of current anticancer drug delivery modalities. In this context, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems emerge as a promising avenue for achieving precise localization of therapeutic agents to ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
STABIL-study: The Course of Therapy, Safety and Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Conversion of Prograf® to Tacrolimus HEXAL®/Crilomus® in Renal Transplant Recipients – an Observational Study in Germany
Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Nuclear Membranes GPCRs: Implication in Cardiovascular Health and Diseases
Current Vascular Pharmacology The Wnt/β-catenin Signalling Pathway Inhibitor Sclerostin is a Biomarker for Early Atherosclerosis in Obesity
Current Neurovascular Research Targeting the Endothelial Ca2+ Toolkit to Rescue Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity Associated-Hypertension
Current Medicinal Chemistry Sarcolemmal K<sub>ATP</sub> Channel Modulators and Cardiac Arrhythmias
Current Medicinal Chemistry Eisenmenger Syndrome: Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Targeting Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Inflammation and Pain - An Overview of Pharmacology and the Inhibitors
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Pharmaceutical Cocrystal: A Novel Approach to Tailor the Biopharmaceutical Properties of a Poorly Water Soluble Drug
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Depression Rises the Risk of Hypertension Incidence: Discussing the Link through the Ca2+/cAMP Signalling
Current Hypertension Reviews Migraine: Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, Treatment and Future Trends
Current Vascular Pharmacology Diagnostic Value of Postprandial Triglyceride Testing in Healthy Subjects:A Meta-Analysis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: Antithrombotic Therapy in Cardiac Embolism
Current Drug Targets Cell Signaling Mechanisms by which Geniposide Regulates Insulin- Degrading Enzyme Expression in Primary Cortical Neurons
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets The Role of Systemic Treatment and Radiotherapy in Malignant Mesothelioma
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Renin Angiotensin System Gene Polymorphisms in Response to Antihypertensive Drugs and Visit-To-Visit Blood Pressure Variability in Essential Hypertensive Patients
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine The Adaptive Value and Clinical Significance of Allostatic Blood Pressure Variation
Current Hypertension Reviews The Role of Heat Shock Protein 90 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Signaling in Cardiovascular Therapy
Current Signal Transduction Therapy The Discovery of Antiangiogenic Molecules: A Historical Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design Oleic Acid in Olive Oil: From a Metabolic Framework Toward a Clinical Perspective
Current Pharmaceutical Design