Abstract
When attacked by HIV, the immune system counteracts infection with elicitation of HIV-specific antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In most cases however, these defenses are unable to resolve HIV infection, which progresses, if left untreated, ravaging the immune system and leading to AIDS and, eventually, to death. Nonetheless, there are additional components of the immune system, from both the innate and the adaptive components, that are associated with improved clinical status and, in some cases, even with protection from infection. Two distinct families of such factors have been studied in depth: chemokines and β-defensins. CCR5 chemokines, which are involved in adaptive immunity, are molecules produced by lymphocytes, and thus are likely to play a role in controlling HIV systemically. β- defensins are instead produced by epithelial cells, and thus are important in controlling infection at mucosal sites. Both of these families of molecules, therefore, are involved in crucial battlegrounds for fighting HIV infection. Here, we review the evidence that argues for their importance in AIDS pathogenesis and in preventive and therapeutic approaches to combat HIV infection. I wish to dedicate this work to my parents,Maria Teresa Ghiglieno and Giovanni Alfredo Garzino
Keywords: AIDS, HIV, CCR5, β-Defensins, RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-β, MDC
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Chemokines and Defensins as HIV Suppressive Factors: An Evolving Story
Volume: 13 Issue: 2
Author(s): Alfredo Garzino-Demo
Affiliation:
Keywords: AIDS, HIV, CCR5, β-Defensins, RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-β, MDC
Abstract: When attacked by HIV, the immune system counteracts infection with elicitation of HIV-specific antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In most cases however, these defenses are unable to resolve HIV infection, which progresses, if left untreated, ravaging the immune system and leading to AIDS and, eventually, to death. Nonetheless, there are additional components of the immune system, from both the innate and the adaptive components, that are associated with improved clinical status and, in some cases, even with protection from infection. Two distinct families of such factors have been studied in depth: chemokines and β-defensins. CCR5 chemokines, which are involved in adaptive immunity, are molecules produced by lymphocytes, and thus are likely to play a role in controlling HIV systemically. β- defensins are instead produced by epithelial cells, and thus are important in controlling infection at mucosal sites. Both of these families of molecules, therefore, are involved in crucial battlegrounds for fighting HIV infection. Here, we review the evidence that argues for their importance in AIDS pathogenesis and in preventive and therapeutic approaches to combat HIV infection. I wish to dedicate this work to my parents,Maria Teresa Ghiglieno and Giovanni Alfredo Garzino
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Garzino-Demo Alfredo, Chemokines and Defensins as HIV Suppressive Factors: An Evolving Story, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2007; 13 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161207779313696
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161207779313696 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Emerging Breast Cancer Biomarkers
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Multifunctional Dendritic Drug Delivery Systems: Design, Synthesis, Controlled and Triggered Release
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery
Current Pharmaceutical Design Targeting Tumor Lymphangiogenesis: An Update
Current Medicinal Chemistry Gene Therapy: The First Approved Gene-Based Medicines, Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Indications
Current Molecular Pharmacology Drug-Related Cardiotoxicity for the Treatment of Haematological Malignancies in Elderly
Current Pharmaceutical Design Efficacy and Toxicological Studies of Cremophor EL Free Alternative Paclitaxel Formulation
Current Drug Safety Metabolic Response Assessment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients after Platinum-Based Therapy: A Preliminary Analysis
Current Medical Imaging Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1 Inhibitors: A Review of Recent Progress
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Use of Cytokines and Chemokines in the Cancer Immunotherapy
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Circular RNAs and Glioma: Small Molecule with Big Actions
Current Molecular Medicine Regulating miRNA by Natural Agents as a New Strategy for Cancer Treatment
Current Drug Targets Dantrolene Potentiates the Antineoplastic Effect of Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Targeting Ca<sup>+2</sup>/PI3K Signaling Pathway
Current Molecular Pharmacology Pharmacological Approaches Targeting Brain Cell Survival in the Context of Neurodegeneration and Potential Treatment Strategies
Current Neuropharmacology <sup>177</sup>Lu-Labeled Agents for Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy and Bone Pain Palliation in Uruguay
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Microtubule Targeting Agents: A Benchmark in Cancer Therapy
Current Drug Therapy Newly Identified Tumor Antigens as Promising Cancer Vaccine Targets for Malignant Melanoma Treatment
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Paclitaxel Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Manipulation
Current Cancer Drug Targets Identification of LOGP Values and Electronegativities As Structural Insights to Model Inhibitory Activity of HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors - A SVM and MLR Aided QSAR Studies
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Malignant Hypercalcemia
Current Medicinal Chemistry