Abstract
S-100 protein, described initially by Moore, constitutes a large family of at least 20 proteins with calcium binding ability. It is found as homo- or hetero-dimers of two different subunits (A and B). Types S-100AB and S-100BB are described as S-100B protein and are shown to be highly specific for nervous tissue. It is present in the cytosol of glial and Schwann cells, and also in adipocytes and chondrocytes, although in very low concentrations in the latter two. The role of protein S-100B is not yet fully understood. It is suggested that it has intracellular and extracellular neurotropic as well as neurotoxic function. At nanomolar levels, S-100B stimulates neurite outgrowth and enhances survival of neurons. However, at micromolar levels it stimulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and induces apoptosis. Recently, serum S-100B protein has been proved to be an attractive surrogate marker of primary severe brain injury and secondary insults. It can be measured in the arterial and venous serum; it is not affected by haemolysis and remains stable for several hours without the need for immediate analysis. Its short half-life makes measurements crucial in the emergency and intensive care settings. This review summarises published findings on S-100B regarding its role as a serum biochemical marker of brain injury, i.e., after severe, moderate or mild neuro-trauma, subarachnoid haemorrhage, thrombo-embolic stroke, cerebral ischaemia and brain tumours, as well as extracranial trauma, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
Keywords: S-100B protein, brain injury, neurotrauma, TBI, stroke, ischaemia, subarachnoid haemorrhage, brain tumours
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Serum S-100B Protein as A Biochemical Marker of Brain Injury: A Review of Current Concepts
Volume: 13 Issue: 30
Author(s): S. Korfias, G. Stranjalis, A. Papadimitriou, C. Psachoulia, G. Daskalakis, A. Antsaklis and D. E. Sakas
Affiliation:
Keywords: S-100B protein, brain injury, neurotrauma, TBI, stroke, ischaemia, subarachnoid haemorrhage, brain tumours
Abstract: S-100 protein, described initially by Moore, constitutes a large family of at least 20 proteins with calcium binding ability. It is found as homo- or hetero-dimers of two different subunits (A and B). Types S-100AB and S-100BB are described as S-100B protein and are shown to be highly specific for nervous tissue. It is present in the cytosol of glial and Schwann cells, and also in adipocytes and chondrocytes, although in very low concentrations in the latter two. The role of protein S-100B is not yet fully understood. It is suggested that it has intracellular and extracellular neurotropic as well as neurotoxic function. At nanomolar levels, S-100B stimulates neurite outgrowth and enhances survival of neurons. However, at micromolar levels it stimulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and induces apoptosis. Recently, serum S-100B protein has been proved to be an attractive surrogate marker of primary severe brain injury and secondary insults. It can be measured in the arterial and venous serum; it is not affected by haemolysis and remains stable for several hours without the need for immediate analysis. Its short half-life makes measurements crucial in the emergency and intensive care settings. This review summarises published findings on S-100B regarding its role as a serum biochemical marker of brain injury, i.e., after severe, moderate or mild neuro-trauma, subarachnoid haemorrhage, thrombo-embolic stroke, cerebral ischaemia and brain tumours, as well as extracranial trauma, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Korfias S., Stranjalis G., Papadimitriou A., Psachoulia C., Daskalakis G., Antsaklis A. and Sakas E. D., Serum S-100B Protein as A Biochemical Marker of Brain Injury: A Review of Current Concepts, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2006; 13 (30) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986706779026129
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986706779026129 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
Current advances in inherited cardiomyopathy
Describe in detail all novel advances in multimodality imaging related to inherited cardiomyopathy diagnosis and prognosis. Shed light to deeper phenotypic characterization. Acknowledge recent advances in genetics, genomics and precision medicineread more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Potential Role of Dental Stem Cells in the Cellular Therapy of Cerebral Ischemia
Current Pharmaceutical Design Age Matching Animal Models to Humans - Theoretical Considerations
Current Drug Discovery Technologies Mitochondrial Post-translational Modifications and Metabolic Control: Sirtuins and Beyond
Current Diabetes Reviews Effective Delivery of Male Contraceptives Behind the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) – Lesson from Adjudin
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hemichannels in Cerebral Ischemia
Current Molecular Medicine Insights Into the Molecular Aspects of Neuroprotective Bacoside A and Bacopaside I
Current Neuropharmacology Therapeutic Targeting of Malignant Glioma
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Role of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke
Current Neuropharmacology Emerging Potential of Citrus Flavanones as an Antioxidant in Diabetes and its Complications
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiopoietins in Neurovascular Regeneration and Protection Following Stroke
Current Neurovascular Research Impact of Diabetes in Blood-Testis and Blood-Brain Barriers: Resemblances and Differences
Current Diabetes Reviews Glycyrrhizic Acid Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in a Rat Model of Vascular Dementia Associated with Oxidative Damage and Inhibition of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets A Therapeutic Target of Cerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke: Matrix Metalloproteinase- 9
Current Drug Targets Therapeutic Targeting of NLRP3 Inflammasomes by Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals: A Novel Mechanistic Approach for Inflammatory Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Natural Antioxidants: Therapeutic Prospects for Cancer and Neurological Diseases
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Implication of Green Tea as a Possible Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson Disease
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Therapeutic Targets in Prostaglandin E2 Signaling for Neurologic Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Practical Review of Mechanical Ventilation in Adults and Children in the Operating Room and Emergency Department
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials Dual Effects of Antioxidants in Neurodegeneration: Direct Neuroprotection against Oxidative Stress and Indirect Protection via Suppression of Gliamediated Inflammation
Current Pharmaceutical Design Editorial [ Medicines Da Vinci Code: Deciphering the Intricate Origins of Clinical Neurovascular Pathology K. Maiese ]
Current Neurovascular Research