Title:Tuberculosis: An Update on Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Newer Anti-TB Drugs, Treatment Regimens and Host- Directed Therapies
VOLUME: 21 ISSUE: 6
Author(s):Pobitra Borah, Pran K. Deb*, Katharigatta N. Venugopala, Nizar A. Al-Shar’i, Vinayak Singh, Satyendra Deka, Amavya Srivastava, Vinod Tiwari and Raghu P. Mailavaram
Affiliation:Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman 19392, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram - 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh
Keywords:Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Host-directed therapy, Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Drug resistance,
MDR-TB.
Abstract:Human tuberculosis (TB) is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that
inhabits inside and amidst immune cells of the host with adapted physiology to regulate
interdependent cellular functions with intact pathogenic potential. The complexity of this disease is
attributed to various factors such as the reactivation of latent TB form after prolonged persistence,
disease progression specifically in immunocompromised patients, advent of multi- and extensivelydrug
resistant (MDR and XDR) Mtb strains, adverse effects of tailor-made regimens, and drug-drug
interactions among anti-TB drugs and anti-HIV therapies. Thus, there is a compelling demand for
newer anti-TB drugs or regimens to overcome these obstacles. Considerable multifaceted
transformations in the current TB methodologies and molecular interventions underpinning hostpathogen
interactions and drug resistance mechanisms may assist to overcome the emerging drug
resistance. Evidently, recent scientific and clinical advances have revolutionised the diagnosis,
prevention, and treatment of all forms of the disease. This review sheds light on the current
understanding of the pathogenesis of TB disease, molecular mechanisms of drug-resistance,
progress on the development of novel or repurposed anti-TB drugs and regimens, host-directed
therapies, with particular emphasis on underlying knowledge gaps and prospective for futuristic TB
control programs.
