Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Diabetes Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

A Review on Mechanistic and Pharmacological Findings of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy including Pharmacotherapy

Author(s): Ruchi Tiwari*, Pranay Wal, Priya Singh, Gaurav Tiwari and Awani Rai

Volume 17, Issue 3, 2021

Published on: 14 September, 2020

Page: [247 - 258] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200914141558

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Chronic hyperglycemia and related complications involving peripheral nerves in diabetes are one of the most severe microvascular complications with an average prevalence of 50–60%. Diabetic neuropathy is among the vascular disorders of diabetes, the most debilitating and crippled, lethal condition impacting patients’s quality of life.

Methods: In the present review article, several hypotheses associated with the pathogenesis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) have been introduced, among them metabolic pathways associated with polyol pathway, oxidative stress, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplified under chronic hyperglycemic conditions and activation of transcription factor Nuclear factor-κB (NF- κB). The review article also possesses pathogenetic and pharmacologic treatments along with others, including acupressure, lidocaine, and capsaicin for DPN.

Conclusion: It may be concluded that we can combat the pathogenesis of DPN with different suggested treatments.

Keywords: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, pathogenesis of DPN, available treatments, pathogenetic treatments, symptomatic treatments, herbal treatments, supporting literatures.

[1]
Bhadada SK, Sahay RK, Jyotsna VP, Agrawal JK. Diabetic Neuropathy: Current Concepts. Ind Acad Clin Med 2001; 2(4): 305-17.
[2]
Jambart S, Ammache Z, Haddad F, et al. Prevalence of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy among patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East region. J Int Med Res 2011; 39(2): 366-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147323001103900204] [PMID: 21672340]
[3]
Jordon WR, Crabtree HH. Paralysis of bladder in diabetic subjects. Arch Intern Med (Chic) 1935; 55(1): 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1935.00160190020003]
[4]
Zochodne DW, Malik RA. Diabetes and the nervous system.Handbook of Clinical Neuroloty. Elsevier B.V. 2014; pp. 2-615.
[5]
Cohen K, Shinkazh N, Frank J, Israel I, Fellner C. Pharmacological treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. P&T 2015; 40(6): 372-88.
[PMID: 26045647]
[6]
Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL, et al. Diabetic Neuropathy: A position statement by the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(1): 136-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc16-2042] [PMID: 27999003]
[7]
Obrosova IG. Diabetic painful and insensate neuropathy: pathogenesis and potential treatments. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6(4): 638-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2009.07.004] [PMID: 19789069]
[8]
Tscherter A, David F, Ivanova T, et al. Minimal alterations in T-type calcium channel gating markedly modify physiological firing dynamics. J Physiol 2011; 589(Pt 7): 1707-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.203836] [PMID: 21320888]
[9]
Sadosky A, Schaefer C, Mann R, et al. Burden of illness associated with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy among adults seeking treatment in the US: results from a retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2013; 6: 79-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S37415] [PMID: 23403729]
[10]
Gore M, Brandenburg NA, Hoffman DL, Tai KS, Stacey B. Burden of illness in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the patients’ perspectives. J Pain 2006; 7(12): 892-900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2006.04.013] [PMID: 17157775]
[11]
Callaghan BC, Kerber KA, Lisabeth LL, et al. Role of neurologists and diagnostic tests on the management of distal symmetric polyneuropathy. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71(9): 1143-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1279] [PMID: 25048157]
[12]
Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ERE, Kulkarni J, Boulton AJ. Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(10): 2220-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1108] [PMID: 21852677]
[13]
Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, Vargha P, Low PA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant α-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004; 21(2): 114-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01109.x] [PMID: 14984445]
[14]
Bril V, Buchanan RA. Long-term effects of ranirestat (AS-3201) on peripheral nerve function in patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(1): 68-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-1447] [PMID: 16373898]
[15]
Callaghan BC, Price RS, Chen KS, Feldman EL. The importance of rare subtypes in diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy: a review. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72(12): 1510-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2347] [PMID: 26437251]
[16]
Myers RR, Campana WM, Shubayev VI. The role of neuroinflammation in neuropathic pain: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11(1-2): 8-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03637-8] [PMID: 16478686]
[17]
Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(9): 2054-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0503] [PMID: 21775755]
[18]
Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, et al. European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17(9): 1113-e88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x] [PMID: 20402746]
[19]
Zhang XL, Feng YL, Zhou BA, Wei GY. Effects of mecobalamin and a-lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Shandong Yiyao 2009; 49: 48-9.
[20]
Suo LN, Zhang D. Effects of lipoic acid and mecobalamin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Tradit Chin Med 2009; 24: 1104-5.
[21]
Andrew JMB. Management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Clin Diabetes 2005; 23(1): 9-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.23.1.9]
[22]
Edwards JL, Vincent AM, Cheng HT, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: Mechanisms to management. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120(1): 1-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.05.005] [PMID: 18616962]
[23]
Iyer S, Tanenberg RJ. Pharmacologic management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14(13): 1765-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.811490] [PMID: 23800105]
[24]
Oyenihi AB, Ayeleso AO, Mukwevho E, Masola B. Antioxidant strategies in the management of diabetic neuropathy. BioMed Res Int 2015; 2015515042.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/515042] [PMID: 25821809]
[25]
Thornalley PJ. The potential role of thiamine (vitamin B1) in diabetic complications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2005; 1(3): 287-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157339905774574383] [PMID: 18220605]
[26]
Winkler G, Pál B, Nagybéganyi E, Ory I, Porochnavec M, Kempler P. Effectiveness of different benfotiamine dosage regimens in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Arzneimittelforschung 1999; 49(3): 220-4.
[PMID: 10219465]
[27]
Dobretsov M, Backonja MM, Romanovsky D, Stimers JR. Animal models of diabetic neuropathic pain. Neuromethods 2011; 49: 147-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-880-5_9]
[28]
Balducci S, Iacobellis G, Parisi L, et al. Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2006; 20(4): 216-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.005] [PMID: 16798472]
[29]
Soskić SS, Dobutović BD, Sudar EM, et al. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and its potential role in insulin resistance, diabetes and heart failure. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2011; 5: 153-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192401105010153] [PMID: 21792376]
[30]
Woelk H, Lehrl S, Bitsch R, Köpcke W. Benfotiamine in treatment of alcoholic polyneuropathy: an 8-week randomized controlled study (BAP I Study). Alcohol Alcohol 1998; 33(6): 631-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/33.6.631] [PMID: 9872352]
[31]
Kumar A, Sharma SS. NF-kappaB inhibitory action of resveratrol: a probable mechanism of neuroprotection in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394(2): 360-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.014] [PMID: 20211601]
[32]
Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 6th ed. Jaypee Publication 2004; pp. 254-, 266-269.
[33]
Vincent T, Robin L. Pain Fainsinger, in Palliative Care (Second Edition). 2011.
[34]
Mitchell KF, Jeffrey AG, Leonard BK. Challenging neuropathic pain syndromes. Elsevier 2018; pp. 105-11.
[35]
Marks DM, Shah MJ, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Park GY, Pae CU. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for pain control: premise and promise. Curr Neuropharmacol 2009; 7(4): 331-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015909790031201] [PMID: 20514212]
[36]
Ganesh Yerra V, Negi G, Sharma SS, Kumar A. Potential therapeutic effects of the simultaneous targeting of the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways in diabetic neuropathy. Redox Biol 2013; 1: 394-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2013.07.005] [PMID: 24024177]
[37]
Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, Komirishetty P, Kumar A. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014674987
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/674987] [PMID: 24883061]
[38]
Vranken JH. Mechanisms and treatment of neuropathic pain. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2009; 9(1): 71-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152409787601932] [PMID: 20021340]
[39]
Brines M, Dunne AN, van Velzen M, et al. ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Med 2015; 20(1): 658-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2014.00215] [PMID: 25387363]
[40]
Sandberg M, Lundeberg T, Lindberg LG, Gerdle B. Effects of acupuncture on skin and muscle blood flow in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 90(1-2): 114-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0825-3] [PMID: 12827364]
[41]
Amato Nesbit S, Sharma R, Waldfogel JM, et al. Non-pharmacologic treatments for symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin 2019; 35(1): 15-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2018.1497958] [PMID: 30114983]
[42]
Javed S, Petropoulos IN, Alam U, Malik RA. Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015; 6(1): 15-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2040622314552071] [PMID: 25553239]
[43]
Tobinick E, Davoodifar S. Efficacy of etanercept delivered by perispinal administration for chronic back and/or neck disc-related pain: a study of clinical observations in 143 patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20(7): 1075-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/030079903125004286] [PMID: 15265252]
[44]
Wang X, Lin H, Xu S, Jin Y, Zhang R. Alpha lipoic acid combined with epalrestat: a therapeutic option for patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12: 2827-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S168878] [PMID: 30233145]
[45]
Ghavami H, Radfar M, Soheily S, Shamsi SA, Khalkhali HR. Effect of lifestyle interventions on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes, result of a randomized clinical trial. Agri 2018; 30(4): 165-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/agri.2018.45477] [PMID: 30403270]
[46]
Derry S, Bell RF, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Aldington D, Moore RA. Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 1(1): CD007076.
[PMID: 30673120]
[47]
Ziegler D, Keller J, Maier C. German diabetes association, “Diabetic neuropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes Off J Ger Soc Endocrinol Ger Diabetes Assoc 2014; 122: 406-15.
[48]
Noori SA, Aiyer R, Yu J, White RS, Mehta N, Gulati A. Nonopioid versus opioid agents for chronic neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis pain, cancer pain and low back pain. Pain Manag 2019; 9(2): 205-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2018-0052] [PMID: 30681031]
[49]
Mottaghi T, Khorvash F, Maracy M, Bellissimo N, Askari G. Effect of folic acid supplementation on nerve conduction velocity in diabetic polyneuropathy patients. Neurol Res 2019; 41(4): 364-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2019.1565180] [PMID: 30730785]
[50]
Camargo CR, Schoueri JHM, Alves BDCA, Veiga GRLD, Fonseca FLA, Bacci MR. Uremic neuropathy: an overview of the current literature. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2019; 65(2): 281-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.2.281] [PMID: 30892456]
[51]
Amin P, Sturrock ND. A pilot study of the beneficial effects of amantadine in the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 2003; 20(2): 114-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.00882.x] [PMID: 12581262]
[52]
Rosenstock J, Tuchman M, LaMoreaux L, Sharma U. Pregabalin for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2004; 110(3): 628-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.05.001] [PMID: 15288403]
[53]
Zhang DW, Fu M, Gao SH, Liu JL. Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013636053
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/636053] [PMID: 24348712]
[54]
Sen S, Querques MA, Chakrabarti S. North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) prevents hyperglycemia and associated pancreatic abnormalities in diabetes. J Med Food 2013; 16(7): 587-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0192] [PMID: 23875898]
[55]
Wirasathien L, Pengsuparp T, Suttisri R, Ueda H, Moriyasu M, Kawanishi K. Inhibitors of aldose reductase and advanced glycation end-products formation from the leaves of Stelechocarpus cauliflorus R.E. Fr. Phytomedicine 2007; 14(7-8): 546-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.09.001] [PMID: 17084603]
[56]
Giribabu N, Karim K, Kilari EK, Kassim NM, Salleh N. Anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and proproliferative effects of vitis vinifera seed ethanolic extract in the liver of streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes in male rats. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42(2): 138-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.04.005] [PMID: 28673757]
[57]
Choudhury H, Pandey M, Hua CK, et al. An update on natural compounds in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 8(3): 361-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.012] [PMID: 29992107]
[58]
Musabayane CT. The effects of medicinal plants on renal function and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc J Afr 2012; 23(8): 462-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2012-025] [PMID: 23044503]
[59]
Rowbotham MC, Goli V, Kunz NR, Lei D. Venlafaxine extended release in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain 2004; 110(3): 697-706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.05.010] [PMID: 15288411]
[60]
Sima AA, Calvani M, Mehra M, Amato A. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Study Group. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(1): 89-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.1.89] [PMID: 15616239]
[61]
Haupt E, Ledermann H, Köpcke W. Benfotiamine in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy--a three-week randomized, controlled pilot study (BEDIP study). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 43(2): 71-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CPP43071] [PMID: 15726875]
[62]
Challapalli V, Tremont-Lukats IW, McNicol ED, Lau J, Carr DB. Systemic administration of local anesthetic agents to relieve neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 19(4)CD003345
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003345.pub2] [PMID: 16235318]
[63]
Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, et al. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(11): 2365-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1216] [PMID: 17065669]
[64]
Thisted RA, Klaff L, Schwartz SL, et al. Dextromethorphan and quinidine in adult patients with uncontrolled painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a 29-day, multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation study. Clin Ther 2006; 28(10): 1607-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.10.005] [PMID: 17157116]
[65]
Rodríguez MJ, Díaz S, Vera-Llonch M, Dukes E, Rejas J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of pregabalin versus gabapentin in the management of neuropathic pain due to diabetic polyneuropathy or post-herpetic neuralgia. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23(10): 2585-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/030079907X233151] [PMID: 17875242]
[66]
Agarwal S, Polydefkis M, Block B, Haythornthwaite J, Raja SN. Transdermal fentanyl reduces pain and improves functional activity in neuropathic pain states. Pain Med 2007; 8(7): 554-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00246.x] [PMID: 17883740]
[67]
Kadiroglu AK, Sit D, Kayabasi H, Tuzcu AK, Tasdemir N, Yilmaz ME. The effect of venlafaxine HCl on painful peripheral diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2008; 22(4): 241-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.03.010] [PMID: 18413214]
[68]
Sultan A, Gaskell H, Derry S, Moore RA. Duloxetine for painful diabetic neuropathy and fibromyalgia pain: systematic review of randomised trials. BMC Neurol 2008; 8: 29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-8-29] [PMID: 18673529]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
57
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy