Generic placeholder image

Coronaviruses

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2666-7967
ISSN (Online): 2666-7975

Mini-Review Article

A Brief Outlook on Possible Available Solutions, Therapies and Suggestions for COVID-19

Author(s): Rashmi Saxena Pal*, Yogendra Pal, Pranay Wal, Ankita Wal and Nikita Saraswat

Volume 2, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 04 September, 2020

Page: [193 - 197] Pages: 5

DOI: 10.2174/2666796701999200905094726

Abstract

Background: The WHO has declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. New cases are being added every day, as the case count in the United States is increasing to the maximum. No drugs or biologics are yet found to be effective for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19.

Objective: To discuss the possibilities of available treatments.

Materials & Methods: Brief out-look is undertaken over the past issues available over similar situations that occurred with respect to the current scenario and prospectives.

Results: There can be various possibilities in the form of convalescent plasma therapy. The known drugs such as HIV drugs, anti-malarial medicines, and antiviral compounds can serve as a suggestive option.

Conclusion: Until a validated medicine or vaccine is sorted out for Covid-19, we need to take natural immune-boosters, along with precautionary steps, social distancing, and other preventions as instructed for the benefit of everyone with an optimistic mind and attitude.

Keywords: COVID, pandemic, antibiotics, therapy, virus, immune.

[1]
Singhal T. A review of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87(4): 281-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6] [PMID: 32166607]
[2]
Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 470-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9] [PMID: 31986257]
[3]
Chan-Yeung M, Xu RH. SARS: epidemiology. Respirology 2003; 8(Suppl.): S9-S14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x] [PMID: 15018127]
[4]
Harvard Health PublishingTreatments for COVID-19 what helps, what doesn’t, and what’s in the pipeline Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/treatments-for-covid-19
[5]
Harvard Health Publishing Cold and flu Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/cold-and-flu
[6]
Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2011; 81: 85-164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2] [PMID: 22094080]
[7]
Yang D, Leibowitz JL. The structure and functions of coronavirus genomic 3′ and 5′ ends. Virus Res 2015; 206: 120-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.025] [PMID: 25736566]
[8]
Shi Z, Hu Z. A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the SARS coronavirus. Virus Res 2008; 133(1): 74-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.012] [PMID: 17451830]
[9]
Paden CR, Yusof MFBM, Al Hammadi ZM, et al. Zoonotic origin and transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the UAE. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65(3): 322-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zph.12435] [PMID: 29239118]
[10]
Boldog P, Tekeli T, Vizi Z, Dénes A, Bartha FA, Röst G. Risk assessment of Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 outbreaks outside China. J Clin Med 2020; 9(2): 571-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020571] [PMID: 32093043]
[11]
Stupka JE, Mortensen EM, Anzueto A, Restrepo MI. Community-acquired pneumonia in elderly patients. Aging Health 2009; 5(6): 763-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/ahe.09.74] [PMID: 20694055]
[12]
Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(Suppl. 2): S27-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/511159] [PMID: 17278083]
[13]
Bedi RS. Community acquired pneumonia-typical or atypical? Lung India 2006; 23: 130-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.44406]
[14]
Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, et al. CDC EPIC Study Team. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. N Engl J Med 2015; 372(9): 835-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1405870] [PMID: 25714161]
[15]
[16]
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular biology of the cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science 2002.
[17]
Yousefifard M, Zali A, Mohamed Ali K, et al. Antiviral therapy in management of COVID-19: a systematic review on current evidence. Arch Acad Emerg Med 2020; 8(1)e45
[PMID: 32309809]
[18]
Luk HKH, Li X, Fung J, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of SARS coronavirus. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 71: 21-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.001] [PMID: 30844511]
[19]
Ning Q, Brown D, Parodo J, et al. Ribavirin inhibits viral-induced macrophage production of TNF, IL-1, the procoagulant fgl2 prothrombinase and preserves Th1 cytokine production but inhibits Th2 cytokine response. J Immunol 1998; 160(7): 3487-93.
[PMID: 9531310]
[20]
Chen X, Chughtai AA, Dyda A, MacIntyre CR. Comparative epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6(6)e51
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emi.2017.40] [PMID: 28588290]
[21]
Alavi-Moghaddam M. A Novel Coronavirus outbreak from Wuhan city in China, rapid need for emergency departments preparedness and response; a letter to editor. Arch Acad Emerg Med 2020; 8(1)e12
[PMID: 32185368]
[22]
Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55(3)105924
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924] [PMID: 32081636]
[23]
Hensley LE, Fritz LE, Jahrling PB, Karp CL, Huggins JW, Geisbert TW. Interferon-β 1a and SARS coronavirus replication. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10(2): 317-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1002.030482] [PMID: 15030704]
[24]
Liu Y-J. IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23: 275-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115633] [PMID: 15771572]
[25]
Samuel CE. Antiviral actions of interferons. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14(4): 778-809.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.14.4.778-809.2001] [PMID: 11585785]
[26]
Fu Y, Cheng Y, Wu Y. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory responses: from mechanisms to potential therapeutic tools. Virol Sin 2020; 35(3): 266-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00207-4] [PMID: 32125642]
[27]
Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(4)e21
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8] [PMID: 32171062]
[28]
Jawhara S. Could intravenous immunoglobulin collected from recovered coronavirus patients protect against COVID-19 and strengthen the immune system of new patients? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(7): 2272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072272] [PMID: 32218340]
[29]
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. China Novel Coronavirus investigating and research team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8): 727-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017] [PMID: 31978945]
[30]
Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, et al. CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology 2020; 295(1): 202-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200230] [PMID: 32017661]
[31]
Teixeira da Silva JA. Convalescent plasma: a possible treatment of COVID-19 in India. Med J Armed Forces India 2020; 76: 236-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.04.006] [PMID: 32296259]
[32]
Wong VW, Dai D, Wu AK, Sung JJ. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with convalescent plasma. Hong Kong Med J 2003; 9(3): 199-201.
[PMID: 12777656]
[33]
Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. Washington State 2019-nCoV case investigation team. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(10): 929-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191] [PMID: 32004427]
[34]
Soo YO, Cheng Y, Wong R, et al. Retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high-dose methylprednisolone treatment in SARS patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10(7): 676-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00956.x] [PMID: 15214887]
[35]
Huang TP, Liu PH, Lien AS, Yang SL, Chang HH, Yen HR. Characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine use in children with asthma: a nationwide population-based study. Allergy 2013; 68(12): 1610-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12273] [PMID: 24117783]
[36]
Do J-S, Hwang J-K, Seo H-J, Woo W-H, Nam S-Y. Antiasthmatic activity and selective inhibition of type 2 helper T cell response by aqueous extract of semen armeniacae amarum. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28(2): 213-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923970600815253] [PMID: 16873091]
[37]
Ang L, Lee HW, Choi JY, Zhang J, Soo Lee M. Herbal medicine and pattern identification for treating COVID-19: a rapid review of guidelines. Integr Med Res 2020; 9(2)100407
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2020.100407] [PMID: 32289016]
[39]
Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti A. Adaptogenic activity of Siotone, a polyherbal formulation of Ayurvedic rasayanas. Indian J Exp Biol 2000; 38(2): 119-28.
[PMID: 11218827]
[40]
Davis L, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71(1-2): 193-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00206-8] [PMID: 10904163]
[41]
Makare N, Bodhankar S, Rangari V. Immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic extract of Mangifera indica L. in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 78(2-3): 133-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00326-9] [PMID: 11694357]
[42]
Abbey EL, Rankin JW. Effect of quercetin supplementation on repeated-sprint performance, xanthine oxidase activity, and inflammation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2011; 21(2): 91-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.2.91] [PMID: 21558570]
[43]
Bandele OJ, Osheroff N. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate, a major constituent of green tea, poisons human type II topoisomerases. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21(4): 936-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx700434v] [PMID: 18293940]
[44]
Baxter D. Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing. Occup Med (Lond) 2007; 57(8): 552-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm110] [PMID: 18045976]
[45]
Boots AW, Haenen GR, Bast A. Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585(2-3): 325-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.008] [PMID: 18417116]
[46]
Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72(1-2): 1-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7] [PMID: 10967448]
[47]
Das SK, Chandra A, Agrawal SS, Singh N. Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) in the treatment of viral encephalitis. Antiseptic 1983; 1983: 1-5.
[48]
Ganju L, Karan D, Chanda S, Srivastava KK, Sawhney RC, Selvamurthy W. Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57(7): 296-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0753-3322(03)00095-7] [PMID: 14499177]
[49]
Jachak SM, Saklani A. Challenges and opportunities in drug discovery from plants. Curr Sci 2007; 92: 1251-7.
[50]
Khan ZK, Manglani A, Shukla PK, Puri A, Saxena RP, Tandon J. Immunomodulatory effect of plant extract and iridoid glycosides from Nyctanthes arbour tristisagainst systematic candidiasis in mice. Int J Pharmacognosy 1995; 33: 297-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209509065382]

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy