Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current HIV Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-162X
ISSN (Online): 1873-4251

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Epidemiology of HIV in Iran

Author(s): Zeinab Najafi, Leila Taj, Omid Dadras, Fatemeh Ghadimi, Banafsheh Moradmand and SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi*

Volume 18, Issue 4, 2020

Page: [228 - 236] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1570162X18666200605152317

Price: $65

Abstract

Iran has been one of the active countries fighting against HIV/AIDS in the Middle East during the last decades. Moreover, there is a strong push to strengthen the national health management system concerning HIV prevention and control. In Iran, HIV disease has its unique features, from changes in modes of transmission to improvement in treatment and care programs, which can make it a good case for closer scrutiny. The present review describes the HIV epidemic in Iran from the first case diagnosed until prevention among different groups at risk and co-infections. Not only we addressed the key populations and community-based attempts to overcome HIV-related issues in clinics, but we also elaborated on the efforts and trends in society and the actual behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Being located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, given the countryspecific characteristics, and despite all the national efforts along with other countries in this region, Iran still needs to take extra measures to reduce HIV transmission, especially in health education. Although Iran is one of the pioneers in implementing applicable and appropriate policies in the MENA region, including harm reduction services to reduce HIV incidence, people with substance use disorder continue to be the majority of those living with HIV in the country. Similar to other countries in this region, the HIV prevention and control programs aim at 90-90-90 targets to eliminate HIV infection and reduce the transmission, especially the mother-to-child transmission and among other key populations.

Keywords: Iran, HIV/AIDS epidemic, transmission, prevention, prophylactic programs, PWID.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
World-population. Iran populationAvailable at: www.worldometers. info
[2]
Rahmati-Najarkolaei F, Niknami S, Aminshokravi F, et al. Experiences of stigma in healthcare settings among adults living with HIV in the Islamic Republic of Iran. J Int AIDS Soc 2010; 13(1): 27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-13-27] [PMID: 20649967]
[3]
Fahimfar N, Sedaghat A, Hatami H, Kamali K, Gooya M. Counseling and harm reduction centers for vulnerable women to HIV/AIDS in Iran. Iran J Public Health 2013; 42(Suppl. 1): 98-104.
[PMID: 23865025]
[4]
Des Jarlais DC, Feelemyer JP, Modi SN, Abdul-Quader A, Hagan H. High coverage needle/syringe programs for people who inject drugs in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(1): 53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-53] [PMID: 23332005]
[5]
Hajia M, Amirzargar A, Ghoreishi M, Sam S. Estimation the frequency of human immunodeficiency virus among male and female patients, Iran. Cell J 2012; 13(4): 237-42.
[PMID: 23508353]
[6]
Jahanbakhsh F, Hattori J, Matsuda M, et al. Prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance in Iran between 2010 and 2011. PLoS One 2013; 8(4) e61864
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061864]] [PMID: 23626742]
[7]
United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2010 Vienna. 2010
[8]
Doosti-Irani A, Holakouie-Naieni K. Determination the research priorities in the field of HIV/AIDS in Iran: a systematic review article. Iran J Public Health 2016; 45(9): 1149-58.
[PMID: 27957460]
[9]
Joulaei H, Motazedian N. Primary health care strategic key to control HIV/AIDS in Iran. Iran J Public Health 2013; 42(5): 540-1.
[PMID: 23802115]
[10]
Zamani S, Ono-Kihara M, Ichikawa S, Kihara M. Potential for sexual transmission of HIV infection from male injecting-drug users who have sex with men in Tehran, Iran. Sex Transm Dis 2010; 37(11): 715-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181e2c73f] [PMID: 20693938]
[11]
Mumtaz G, Hilmi N, McFarland W, et al. Are HIV epidemics among men who have sex with men emerging in the Middle East and North Africa?: a systematic review and data synthesis. PLoS Med 2010; 8(8) e1000444
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000444] [PMID: 21829329]
[12]
Khodayari-Zarnaq R, Ravaghi H, Mohammad Mosaddeghrad A, Sedaghat A, Mohraz M. HIV/AIDS policy agenda setting in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2016; 30: 392.
[PMID: 27579283]
[13]
Imani R, Karimi A, Rouzbahani R, Rouzbahani A. Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infection among intravenous drug users in Shahr-e-Kord, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2008; 14(5): 1136-41.
[PMID: 19161086]
[14]
Mirzazadeh A, Mansournia MA, Nedjat S, et al. Bias analysis to improve monitoring an HIV epidemic and its response: approach and application to a survey of female sex workers in Iran. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67(10): 882-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202521] [PMID: 23814269]
[15]
Alipour A, Rezaianzadeh A, Hasanzadeh J, Rajaeefard A, Davarpanah MA, Hasanabadi M. High prevalence of HCV coinfection in HIV-infected individuals in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2013; 19(12): 975-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2013.19.12.975] [PMID: 24684094]
[16]
Roudi-Fahimi F. Time to intervene: Preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa. Population Reference Bureau 2007; pp. 1-8.
[17]
Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat. HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing: review of policies, programmes and guidelines in east, central and southern Africa Arusha, Tanzania. Arusha: CRHCS 2002.
[18]
Salehi A, Naghshvarian M, Marzban M, Bagheri Lankarani K. Prevalence of HIV, HCV, and high-risk behaviors for substance users in drop in centers in southern Iran J Addict Med 2015; 9(3): 181-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000112] [PMID: 25748560]
[19]
Hedayati-Moghaddam MR. Knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2008; 14(6): 1321-32.
[PMID: 19161107]
[20]
SeyedAlinaghi S. Management Model of Positive Clubs. Current Studies in HIV ResearchFrontiers in HIV Research 2: Bentham Science 2016; 268-78.
[21]
Islamic Republic of Iran HIV/AIDS National 2016 Report for UNAIDS, United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS. AIDS National Secretariat Ministry of Health and Medical Education 2016.
[22]
Ohiri K, Claeson M, Razaghi EM. HIV/AIDS prevention among injection drug users: Learning from harm reduction in Iran. Iran: HIV Prevention Consultation 2006; pp. 17-20.
[23]
N P.. An Overview Of The Implementation Of Projects Supported By: The Global Fund And The United Nations Development Programme.In The Islamic Republic Of Iran 2013-2014. UNDP 2015.
[24]
SeyedAlinaghi S Taj L, Mazaheri E et al.. HIV in Iran: Onset, Responses and Future Directions. AIDS 2020. Epub ahead of print
[25]
Hadadi A, Tajik P, Rasoolinejad M, Davoudi S, Mohraz M. Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with HIV/AIDS in Iran. Iran J Public Health 2011; 40(1): 100-6.
[PMID: 23113062]
[26]
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; Frequently asked questions on a human rights-based approach to development cooperation. United Nations Publications 2006.Available at:. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FAQen.pdf
[27]
Cheraghali A. Overview of blood transfusion system of iran: 2002-2011. Iran J Public Health 2012; 41(8): 89-93.
[PMID: 23113231]
[28]
ABOU ALGHASEMI, H.. et al. Introduction to Iranian blood transfusion organization and blood safety in Iran 2009.
[29]
Baesi K, Moallemi S, Farrokhi M, Alinaghi SA, Truong HM. Subtype classification of Iranian HIV-1 sequences registered in the HIV databases, 2006-2013. PLoS One 2014; 9(9) e105098
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105098]] [PMID: 25188443]
[30]
Cheraghali A. Overview of blood transfusion system of Iran: 2002-2011. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2012; 41(8): 89.
[31]
Rahimi-Movaghar A, Razaghi EM, Sahimi-Izadian E, Amin-Esmaeili M. HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus co-infections among injecting drug users in Tehran, Iran. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14(1): e28-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.03.002] [PMID: 19464218]
[32]
Jahani MR, Kheirandish P, Hosseini M, et al. HIV seroconversion among injection drug users in detention, Tehran, Iran. AIDS 2009; 23(4): 538-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283269e3c] [PMID: 19182678]
[33]
Karamouzian M, Haghdoost AA, Sharifi H. Addressing the needs of sexual partners of people who inject drugs through peer prevention programs in Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2(2): 81-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2014.19] [PMID: 24639982]
[34]
Rahnama R, Mohraz M, Mirzazadeh A, et al. Access to harm reduction programs among persons who inject drugs: findings from a respondent-driven sampling survey in Tehran, Iran. Int J Drug Policy 2014; 25(4): 717-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.05.013] [PMID: 24974367]
[35]
Ghanbarzadeh N. S.M NAJAFI. A study of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female prisoners in Birjand 2006.
[36]
Nakhaee F. Prisoners’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its prevention in Kerman. Islamic Republic of Iran 2002.
[37]
Malekinejad M. Assessment of the use of respondent-driven sampling for studying populations most at risk of HIV infection. Berkeley: University of California 2008.
[38]
Lawrinson P, Ali R, Buavirat A, et al. Key findings from the WHO collaborative study on substitution therapy for opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS. Addiction 2008; 103(9): 1484-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02249.x] [PMID: 18636999]
[39]
Zamani S, Kihara M, Gouya MM, et al. High prevalence of HIV infection associated with incarceration among community-based injecting drug users in Tehran, Iran. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 42(3): 342-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000219785.81163.67] [PMID: 16639351]
[40]
Razzaghi EM, Movaghar AR, Green TC, Khoshnood K. Profiles of risk: a qualitative study of injecting drug users in Tehran, Iran. Harm Reduct J 2006; 3(1): 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-3-12] [PMID: 16545137]
[41]
Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Gholamrezaei M, Razaghi EM. Profile of people who inject drugs in Tehran, Iran. Acta Med Iran 2016; 54(12): 793-805.
[PMID: 28120592]
[42]
Razani N, Mohraz M, Kheirandish P, et al. HIV risk behavior among injection drug users in Tehran, Iran. Addiction 2007; 102(9): 1472-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01914.x] [PMID: 17645427]
[43]
Khajehkazemi R, Osooli M, Sajadi L, et al. HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Iran: the 2010 National Surveillance Survey. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(Suppl. 3): iii29-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051204] [PMID: 24037249]
[44]
Alam-Mehrjerdi Z, Abdollahi M, Higgs P, Dolan K. Drug use treatment and harm reduction programs in Iran: A unique model of health in the most populated Persian Gulf country. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 16: 78-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2015.06.002] [PMID: 26168763]
[45]
Vazirian M, Nassirimanesh B, Zamani S, et al. Needle and syringe sharing practices of injecting drug users participating in an outreach HIV prevention program in Tehran, Iran: A cross-sectional study. Harm Reduct J 2005; 2(1): 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-19] [PMID: 16212655]
[46]
Hajebi A, Naserbakht M, Noroozi A. Adding-on a brief skill-based HIV prevention psychoeducation to needle and syringe programs: a randomized controlled trial. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci 2016; 10(4) e7411
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-7411]
[47]
Mumtaz GR, Weiss HA, Thomas SL, et al. HIV among people who inject drugs in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic review and data synthesis. PLoS Med 2014; 11(6) e1001663
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001663] [PMID: 24937136]
[48]
Stoicescu C. The global state of harm reduction 2012: towards an integrated response. London: Harm Reduction International 2012; p 169.
[49]
Sajadi L, Mirzazadeh A, Navadeh S, et al. HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among female sex workers in Iran: results of the national biobehavioural survey, 2010. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(Suppl. 3): iii37-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051028] [PMID: 24191292]
[50]
Mohebbi MR. Female sex workers and fear of stigmatisation. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81(2): 180-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2004.010512] [PMID: 15800100]
[51]
Mirzazadeh A, Nedjat S, Navadeh S, et al. HIV and related risk behaviors among female sex workers in Iran: bias-adjusted estimates from the 2010 National Bio-Behavoral Survey. AIDS Behav 2014; 18(1)(Suppl. 1): S19-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0548-3] [PMID: 23857356]
[52]
Hamdy SF. When the state and your kidneys fail: Political etiologies in an Egyptian dialysis ward. Am Ethnol 2008; 35(4): 553-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00098.x]
[53]
Shirpak KR, et al. A qualitative assessment of the sex education needs of married Iranian women. Sex Cult 2008; 12(3): 133-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-008-9023-0]
[54]
Blauvelt C. The Dynamics of HIV/AIDS in the Islamic Republic of IranAdvised by Professor João Biehl, Junior Paper for the Department of Anthropology, Princeton University 2011.
[55]
Akbari E. Knowledge attitude and practice of female and male (10-19 y/o) adolescents about health of puberty Report of the project. Tehran: Department of Family Health 1997.
[56]
Aarons SJ, Jenkins RR, Raine TR, et al. Postponing sexual intercourse among urban junior high school students-a randomized controlled evaluation. J Adolesc Health 2000; 27(4): 236-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00102-6] [PMID: 11008086]
[57]
Simbar M, Tehrani F, Hashemi Z. Reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices of Iranian college students 2005.
[58]
Mehryar AH, Ahmad-Nia S, Kazemipour S. Reproductive health in Iran: pragmatic achievements, unmet needs, and ethical challenges in a theocratic system. Stud Fam Plann 2007; 38(4): 352-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2007.00146.x] [PMID: 18284048]
[59]
Abbasi MJ, et al. Revolution, war and modernization: Population policy and fertility change in Iran. J Popul Res 2002; 19(1): 25-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03031967]
[60]
Farahani FKA, Cleland J, Mehryar AH. Associations between family factors and premarital heterosexual relationships among female college students in Tehran. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2011; 37(1): 30-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3703011] [PMID: 21478086]
[61]
Motamedi M, Merghati-Khoei E, Shahbazi M, et al. Paradoxical attitudes toward premarital dating and sexual encounters in Tehran, Iran: a cross-sectional study. Reprod Health 2016; 13(1): 102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0210-4] [PMID: 27576489]
[62]
Arbuthnott KD. Education for sustainable development beyond attitude change. Int J Sustain High Educ 2009; 10(2): 152-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14676370910945954]]
[63]
Rahimi-Naghani S, Merghati-Khoei E, Shahbazi M, et al. Sexual and reproductive health knowledge among men and women aged 15 to 49 years in metropolitan Tehran. J Sex Res 2016; 53(9): 1153-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1148110] [PMID: 27077496]
[64]
Shirazi KK, Morowatisharifabad MA. Religiosity and determinants of safe sex in Iranian non-medical male students. J Relig Health 2009; 48(1): 29-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-008-9174-1] [PMID: 19229622]
[65]
Obermeyer CM. Reproductive choice in Islam: gender and state in Iran and Tunisia. Stud Fam Plann 1994; 25(1): 41-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137988] [PMID: 8209394]
[66]
Merghati-Khoei E, Abolghasemi N, Smith TG. “Children are sexually innocent”: Iranian parents’ understanding of children’s sexuality. Arch Sex Behav 2014; 43(3): 587-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0218-6] [PMID: 24343162]
[67]
Shokoohi M, Karamouzian M, Mirzazadeh A, et al. HIV knowledge, attitudes, and practices of young people in Iran: findings of a National Population-Based Survey in 2013. PLoS One 2016; 11(9) e0161849
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161849] [PMID: 27626638]
[68]
Vameghi M, et al. The socioeconomic status of street children in Iran: a systematic review on studies over a recent decade. Child Soc 2014; 28(5): 352-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2012.00456.x]
[69]
Iranian National Guideline for non-occupational exposure with HIV/AIDS 2017.
[70]
Bockting WO, Robinson BE, Rosser BR. Transgender HIV prevention: a qualitative needs assessment. AIDS Care 1998; 10(4): 505-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540129850124028] [PMID: 9828969]
[71]
Nemoto T, Operario D, Keatley J, Han L, Soma T. HIV risk behaviors among male-to-female transgender persons of color in San Francisco. Am J Public Health 2004; 94(7): 1193-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.7.1193] [PMID: 15226142]
[72]
Kheirandish P, Seyedalinaghi SA, Hosseini M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among male injection drug users in detention in Tehran, Iran. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53(2): 273-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181be6dde] [PMID: 20104123]
[73]
SeyedAlinaghi. Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among male prisoners in Tehran, Iran. Arch Iran Med 2017; 20(6): 356-60.
[74]
Martín V, Caylà JA, Morís ML, Alonso LE, Pérez R. Predictive factors of HIV-infection in injecting drug users upon incarceration. Eur J Epidemiol 1998; 14(4): 327-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007461608434] [PMID: 9690748]
[75]
Harding TW. AIDS in prison. Lancet 1987; 2(8570): 1260-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91864-2] [PMID: 2890866]
[76]
Tajbakhsh E, Yaghubi R. Serologic evaluation of HIV contamination in Shahrekord prisoners through ELISA and Western blot. Sci J Iran Blood Transfus Organ 2008; 4(5): 365-8. [In Persian]
[77]
Zamani S, Farnia M, Torknejad A, et al. Patterns of drug use and HIV-related risk behaviors among incarcerated people in a prison in Iran. J Urban Health 2010; 87(4): 603-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9450-8] [PMID: 20390391]
[78]
Seal DW. HIV-related issues and concerns for imprisoned persons throughout the world. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005; 18(5): 530-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000179492.08064.de] [PMID: 16639113]
[79]
Farhoudi B. Revision and Implementation of “Clinical Guideline for Tuberculosis and HIV in Prisons”, Great Tehran Prison, Iran. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders) 2018; 18(1): 72-80.
[80]
Alipour A, Haghdoost AA, Sajadi L, Zolala F. HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among female partners of male injecting drugs users in Iran: results of a bio-behavioural survey, 2010. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(Suppl. 3): iii41-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051201] [PMID: 24064986]
[81]
Nasirian M, Doroudi F, Gooya MM, Sedaghat A, Haghdoost AA. Modeling of human immunodeficiency virus modes of transmission in Iran. J Res Health Sci 2012; 12(2): 81-7.
[PMID: 23241516]
[82]
Trafficking CD, Misuse S. UNGASS 2016. Policy 2017.
[83]
Karamouzian M, Foroozanfar Z, Ahmadi A, Haghdoost AA, Vogel J, Zolala F. How sex work becomes an option: Experiences of female sex workers in Kerman, Iran. Cult Health Sex 2016; 18(1): 58-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1059487] [PMID: 26317368]
[84]
Rahbari L. Transnationality of child poverty: The case of Iranian and Afghan street children in Tehran. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies 2016; 4(5): 347-52.
[85]
Jafari S. Disseminated leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in HIV-positive patients in the Islamic Republic of Iran. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2010; 16(3): 340-343.
[86]
Alinaghi SAS. Prevalence of HIV infection and the correlates among beggars in Tehran, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013; 3(1): 76-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60017-1]
[87]
Rezaeian S, Khazaei S, Khazaei S. TB/HIV co-infection in Iran: Current situation and the modeling study for future policy. Iran J Public Health 2016; 45(11): 1521-2.
[PMID: 28032069]
[88]
Seyedalinaghi S. Comparing Tuberculosis Incidence in a Prison with the Society, Tehran, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis 2018; 13(2)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/archcid.60247]]
[89]
Baghaei P, Tabarsi P, Jabehdari S, et al. HIV and tuberculosis trends and survival of coinfection in a referral center in Tehran: A 12-year study. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5(Suppl. 1): S16-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.10.010] [PMID: 28043526]
[90]
Khosravi AD, Alavi SM, Hashemzade M, Abasi E, Seghatoleslami S. The relative frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium infections in HIV positive patients, Ahvaz, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2012; 5(1): 71-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60249-6] [PMID: 22182648]
[91]
Rabirad N, Mohammad Nejad E, Hadizadeh MR, Begjan J, Ehsani SR. The prevalence of TB in HIV patients and risk factor with frequent referral (Iran, 2009-10). Iran Red Crescent Med J 2013; 15(1): 58-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.4401] [PMID: 23487151]
[92]
Alavi SM, Moradzadegan H, Khoshkhoy MM. Seroprevalence of HIV in Newly Detected Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Khuzestan. Iran: Should HIV Testing Be Included in National Tuberculosis Program in This Region 2013.
[93]
MANSOURI D, K Alaei, A Alaei. Prevalence of clinical tuberculosis in HIV infected patients from Kermanshah Province, Iran. 2002.
[94]
Jam S, Sabzvari D. SeyedAlinaghi S, Fattahi F, Jabbari H, Mohraz M. Frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among Iranian patients with HIV/AIDS by PPD test. Acta Med Iran 2010; 48(1): 67-71.
[PMID: 21137673]
[95]
Haghgoo SM, Joula H, Mohammadzadeh R, et al. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the East Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8(8) e19766
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/jjm.19766v2] [PMID: 26468361]
[96]
Vaziri S. Hepatitis D virus infection among HIV-HBV co-infected patients in Kermanshah, West of Iran 2008.
[97]
Mohammadi M, Talei G, Sheikhian A, et al. Survey of both hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus (HCV-Ab) coinfection among HIV positive patients. Virol J 2009; 6(1): 202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-6-202] [PMID: 19922624]
[98]
Ataei B, Tayeri K, Kassaian N, Farajzadegan Z, Babak A. Hepatitis B and C among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Isfahan, Iran: seroprevalence and associated factors. Hepat Mon 2010; 10(3): 188-92.
[PMID: 22308138]
[99]
SeyedAlinaghi S, Jam S, Mehrkhani F, et al. . Hepatitis-C and hepatitis-B co-infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in Tehran, Iran. Acta Med Iran 2011; 49(4): 252-7.
[PMID: 21713737]
[100]
Zahedi MJ, Moghaddam SD, Abasi MH, Parnian M, Shokoohi M, Hepatitis B. C virus co-infection and behavioral risks in HIV-positive patients in southern Iran. J Pak Med Assoc 2014; 64(2): 134-7.
[PMID: 24640799]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
63
World Immunization Week
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy