Title:The Roles of Dietary, Nutritional, and Lifestyle Interventions in Adipose Tissue Adaptation and Obesity
VOLUME: 27
Author(s):Geir Bjørklund*, Torsak Tippairote, Maryam Dadar, Fernando Lizcano, Jan Aaseth and Olga Borisova
Affiliation:Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Doctor of Philosophy Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Cundinamarca, Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, Odessa
Keywords: obesity, adipocytes, mitochondria, thermogenesis, adaptation, maladaptation, diet,
nutrients, lifestyle
Abstract:The obesity and the associated non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were globally
increasing in their prevalence. While the modern-day lifestyle required less ventilation of
metabolic energy through muscular activities, this lifestyle transition also provided the unlimited
accession to foods around the clock, which prolonged the daily eating period of foods that
contained high calorie and high glycemic load. These situations promoted the high continuous
flux of carbon substrate availability in mitochondria and induced the indecisive bioenergetic
switches. The disrupted bioenergetic milieu increased the uncoupling respiration due to the
excess flow of the substrate-derived reducing equivalents and reduced ubiquinones into the
respiratory chain. The diversion of the uncoupling proton gradient through adipocyte
thermogenesis was then alleviating the damaging effects of free radicals to mitochondria and
other organelles. The adaptive induction of white adipose tissues (WAT) to beige adipose tissues
(beAT) showed the beneficial effects on glucose oxidation, ROS protection, and mitochondrial
function preservation through the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-independent thermogenesis of
beAT. However, the maladaptive stage could eventually initiate with the persistent unhealthy
lifestyles. Under this metabolic gridlock, the low oxygen and pro-inflammatory environments
promoted the adipose breakdown with sequential metabolic dysregulation, including insulin
resistance, systemic inflammation, and clinical NCDs progression. There was unlikely that a
single intervention could reverse all these complex interactions. The comprehensive protocol that
included dietary, nutritional, and all modifiable lifestyle interventions, could be the preferable
choice to decelerate, stop, or reverse the NCDs pathophysiologic processes.
