Title:Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Propranolol Hydrochloride: A Review
VOLUME: 21 ISSUE: 2
Author(s):Muhammad Nasir Kalam , Muhammad Fawad Rasool , Asim Ur Rehman and Naveed Ahmed *
Affiliation:Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad
Keywords:Propranolol, β-adrenoceptor blocker, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, drug disposition, ADME.
Abstract:
Background: Nobel laureate Sir James Black’s molecule, propranolol, still has broad potential in cardiovascular
diseases, infantile haemangiomas and anxiety. A comprehensive and systematic review of the literature for
the summarization of pharmacokinetic parameters would be effective to explore the new safe uses of propranolol in
different scenarios, without exposing humans and using virtual-human modeling approaches.
Objective: This review encompasses physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction data of
propranolol collected from various studies.
Methods: Clinical pharmacokinetic studies on propranolol were screened using Medline and Google Scholar databases.
Eighty-three clinical trials, in which pharmacokinetic profiles and plasma time concentration were available
after oral or IV administration, were included in the review.
Results: The study depicts that propranolol is well absorbed after oral administration. It has dose-dependent bioavailability,
and a 2-fold increase in dose results in a 2.5-fold increase in the area under the curve, a 1.3-fold increase in
the time to reach maximum plasma concentration and finally, 2.2 and 1.8-fold increase in maximum plasma concentration
in both immediate and long-acting formulations, respectively. Propranolol is a substrate of CYP2D6,
CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, retaining potential pharmacokinetic interactions with co-administered drugs. Age, gender,
race and ethnicity do not alter its pharmacokinetics. However, in renal and hepatic impairment, it needs a dose adjustment.
Conclusion: Physiochemical and pooled pharmacokinetic parameters of propranolol are beneficial to establish
physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling among the diseased population.
