Scenario of the Treatment of Arthritis with Natural Products

Author(s): Fernanda C.M. Gallotti*, Mairim R. Serafini, Sara M. Thomazzi

Journal Name: Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery
Continued as Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery

Volume 14 , Issue 2 , 2020


DOI : 10.2174/1872213X14666200228103001

  Journal Home

Abstract:

Background: Conventional treatments of arthritis use toxic and poorly tolerated drugs. Therefore, natural products are an alternative because they are important sources of bioactive substances with therapeutic potential.

Objective: To perform synthesis of patent applications associated with the use of natural products in the technological development of the invention for use in treating arthritis.

Methods: The search for patents was conducted using the following databases of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO, Espacenet), United States Patents and Trademark Office (USPTO) and National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI) using as keywords - arthritis, treatment and the International Patent Classification (IPC) A61K36 / 00.

Results: A total of 617 patents related to the subject were registered in the period available in patents databases during the study period from the years 2005 to 2017, of which 44 were analyzed based on the established inclusion criteria. The most important countries for protecting these inventions were China, followed by the United States of America, the Republic of Korea and Japan. As for the typology of depositors, that were identified by Educational Institutions and Public Institutes of Research (IEIPP) and Companies and Private Research Institutes (EIPP).

Conclusion: The analysis of patents made it possible to characterize the natural products used in the treatment of arthritis, with emphasis on botanical extracts (71%), as a single component, as well as in association with other botanical extracts, isolated compounds and minerals.

Keywords: Arthritis, anti-inflammatory, natural products, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, treatment.

[1]
Poddighe D, Romano M, Gattinara M, Gerloni V. Biologics for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25(42): 5860-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180522085716] [PMID: 29788871]
[2]
McInnes IB, Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7(6): 429-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2094] [PMID: 17525752]
[3]
Felson DT. Developments in the clinical understanding of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11(1): 203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar2531] [PMID: 19232065]
[4]
Birgül C. Determination and evaluation of the needs of the patients with knee osteoarthritis in their daily living activities. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2014; 152: 841-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.331]
[5]
Lemos LLP, Costa JO, Machado MAA, et al. Rituximabe para o tratamento da artrite reumatoide: Revisao sistematica. Rev Bras Reumatol 2014; 54(3): 220-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbr.2013.08.001] [PMID: 25054600]
[6]
Reddy VJS, Rao PGD, Laskshmi GR. A review on antiarthritic activity of some medicinal plants. J Glob Trends Pharm Sci 2014; 5: 2061-73.
[7]
Sugiyama N, Kawahito Y, Fujii T, et al. Treatment patterns, direct cost of biologics, and direct medical costs for rheumatoid arthritis patients: A real-world analysis of nationwide Japanese claims data. Clin Ther 2016; 38(6): 1359-1375.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.03.022] [PMID: 27101816]
[8]
Khanna D, Sethi G, Ahn KS, et al. Natural products as a gold mine for arthritis treatment. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7(3): 344-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2007.03.002] [PMID: 17475558]
[9]
Singh JA, Christensen R, Wells GA, et al. A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: A Cochrane overview. CMAJ 2009; 181(11): 787-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091391] [PMID: 19884297]
[10]
Gibofsky A. Overview of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Manag Care 2012; 18(13)(Suppl.): S295-302.
[PMID: 23327517]
[11]
Costa J O, Almeida AM, Guerra-Junior AA, et al. Tratamento da Artrite Reumatoide no sistema único de saúde, Brasil: Gastos com inxiflimabe em comparação com medicamentos modificadores do curso da doença sintéticos, 2003 a 2006. Cad Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro 2014; 30: 283-95.
[12]
Innala L, Sjöberg C, Möller B, et al. Co-morbidity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis - inflammation matters. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18: 33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13075-016-0928-y] [PMID: 26818851]
[13]
Verma I, Syngle A, Krishan P. Therapeutic effects of spironolactone on a collagen induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis. Egypt Rheumatol 2016; 39(2): 57-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejr.2016.06.002]
[14]
Xia Y, Yin R, Fu T, et al. Treatment adherence to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016; 10: 735-42.
[PMID: 27217726]
[15]
Sun Y, Yao Y, Ding CZ. A combination of sinomenine and methotrexate reduces joint damage of collagen induced arthritis in rats by modulating osteoclast-related cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 18(1): 135-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.014] [PMID: 24287449]
[16]
Laev SS, Salakhutdinov NF. Anti-arthritic agents: Progress and potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23(13): 3059-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.010] [PMID: 26014481]
[17]
Gaballah A, Husseina NA, Risk M, Elsawya N, Elabasiry S. Correlation between synovial vascular endothelial growth factor, clinical, functional and radiological manifestations in knee osteoarthritis. Egypt Rheumatol 2016; 38: 29-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejr.2015.01.002]
[18]
Fox BA, Stephens MM. Glucosamine/chondroitin/primorine combination therapy for osteoarthritis. Drugs Today (Barc) 2009; 45(1): 21-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dot.2009.45.1.1314053] [PMID: 19271029]
[19]
Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69(6): 964-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.126532] [PMID: 20444750]
[20]
Prudente LR, Diniz JdeS, Ferreira TX, et al. Medication adherence in patients in treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in a university hospital in Brazil. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016; 10: 863-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S79451] [PMID: 27279735]
[21]
Wabe N, Lee A, Wechalekar M, McWilliams L, Proudman S, Wiese M. Adherence to combination DMARD therapy and treatment outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis: A longitudinal study of new and existing DMARD users. Rheumatol Int 2017; 37(6): 897-904.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-017-3655-z] [PMID: 28160071]
[22]
Goeldner I, Skare TL, Reason ITM, Utiyama SRR. Rheumatoid arthritis: A current view. J Bras Patol Med Lab 2011; 47(5): 495-503.
[23]
Magyari L, Varszegi D, Kovesdi E, et al. Interleukins and interleukin receptors in rheumatoid arthritis: Research, diagnostic and clinical implications. World J Orthop 2014; 5(4): 516-36.
[24]
Hromadkova L, Soukup T, Vlcek J. Quality of life and drug compliance: their interrelationship in rheumatic patients. J Eval Clin Pract 2015; 21(5): 919-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jep.12399] [PMID: 26083391]
[25]
Akinyemi KO, Olukayode O, Chidi EO, et al. Screening of crude extracts of six medicinal plants used in South-West Nigerian unorthodox medicine for anti-methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity. BMC Complement Altern 2005; 5: 1-6.
[26]
Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complement Altern Med 2006; 6: 35-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-6-35] [PMID: 17042964]
[27]
Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram KM, Yoga Latha L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011; 8(1): 1-10.
[PMID: 22238476]
[28]
WHO – World Health OrganizationThe world traditional medicines situation, in traditional medicines: Global situation, issues and challenges Geneva. 2011; 3: pp. pp 1-4.
[29]
Eddouks M, Chattopadhyay D, De Feo V, Cho WC. Medicinal plants in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012: 458274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/458274] [PMID: 23024691]
[30]
WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2009 [01 de September 2018.]; 2018. Available in: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/ pubdocs/en/patents/901/wipo_pub_901_2012.pdf
[31]
White M, Macomber W. Patent searching: Back to the future how to use patent classification search tools to create better searches. 2010; 1-6.
[32]
Jia Q. Formulation of a mixture of free-b-ring flavonoids and flavans as a therapeutic agent. US20060177528, 2006.
[33]
Barranco A. Ramirez M, Rueda-Cabrera R. Produtos nutricionais para tratamento dos sintomas da artrite reumatóide. BRPI0606766, 2006.
[34]
Laiwang G. Haiming G. Traditional Chinese medicine composition to treat rheumatoid arthritis and preparation method thereof. US20090148536, 2005.
[35]
Finkelstein U. Novel Inula viscosa extracts and their use for treatment of arthritis. WO2005117925, 2005.
[36]
Tae-Hyund J. Composition for suppressing cyclooxygenase and/or 5-lipoxygenase. US20070264361, 2005.
[37]
Roberts SC. Root DP. Sublingual methods of treatment to alleviate or prevent arthritis. US20060222722, 2005.
[38]
Leendert T. Botanical extract composition. US20080255225, 2005.
[39]
Vélez-Rivera HJ. Phyto-composition for the treatment of joint diseases. US20070286899, 2005.
[40]
Kim M, Yang H, Choi J. Composition for the prevention or treatment of diseases associated with angiogenesis. US20060246157, 2005.
[41]
Mallozzi O, Fallon J. Medicament for treating inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritis. US20070048386, 2006.
[42]
Peter P S, Rajendra KJ. Pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of arthritis. CA2559634, 2006.
[43]
Shin J, Lee S. Pharmaceutical compound for treating inflammation, pain, arthritis and spinitis, and proliferating osteoblastic cell and method for producing thereof. US2009226544, 2006.
[44]
Shosh A, Dan A. Viscosupplementation with algal polysaccharides in the treatment of arthritis. US20090017058, 2006.
[45]
Lee J, Krha CG, Krlee MH, Krlee SH, Krleem JY. Composition comprising Trachelospermi caulis and Pyrola japonica extracts for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases. US20090317495, 2007.
[46]
Lee JM, Krha CG, Lee MH, Lee SH, Leem JY, Jun SH. Trachelospermi caulis extract composition for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases. WO2008004804, 2007.
[47]
Rey-Yuh W, Jia-Ming C, Chun-Ming C, Yuh-Shan C. Plant extracts for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. EP2025340, 2007.
[48]
Bae HS, Shin MK, Hong MC, et al. Compositions for treating autoimmune disease containing extracts of Sophora flavescens. WO2007126259, 2007.
[49]
Wen-Chin Y. Butanol extract of Bidens pilosa. US20090062216, 2008.
[50]
Palpu P, Venkateswara, RC, Raghavan, G, et al. Anti-arthritic herbal composition and method thereof. US20080118587, 2008.
[51]
Peter R. Compositions and methods for treating joint disorders. WO2008139314, 2008.
[52]
Roger P. Therapeutic uses of cannabigerol. WO2009001081, 2009.
[53]
Baum SJ. Fatty acid compositions and methods of use. US20090011012, 2008.
[54]
Kennedy L. Product and composition for alleviating post-menstrual symptoms. US0324753, 2009.
[55]
Squires M. Medicinal composition. US20100303935, 2009.
[56]
Schlesinger N. Adjuvant therapy in the treatment of gouty arthritis. US0287117, 2011.
[57]
Ushijima RN. Methods of treatment using thymus-derived compositions. US20140072651, 2014.
[58]
Brunharoto ARF, Bastos JK, Silva AABE. Method for preparing matrix micro-particles of Copaífera langsdorffii (aerial parts) and for isolating the active principles therein; thus prepared analgesic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and antiseptic micro-particles and compounds with anti-lithiasis activity (renal calculi), formulations, products and uses thereof. WO2011120118, 2011.
[59]
Hansen OT. Compositions of rose hips enriched with seeds of rose hips and their use as anti-inflammatory natural medicine for alleviating/ reducing symptoms associated with inflammation and joint diseases such as arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and/or osteo-arthritis. US20130122126, 2013.
[60]
Vélez-Rivera HJ. Phytocomposition for the treatment of pain related to joint diseases. WO2013108056, 2013.
[61]
Sheu J. Extracts of Cynanchum sp and active ingredients contained therein in use of arthritis treatment US20140134280, 2014.
[62]
Mauko Z. Composition for treatment of bone and joint disorders. WO2012104663, 2012.
[63]
Foo LY, Watson RR. Feijoa fruit extract. WO2013186680, 2013.
[64]
Das T, Jacob B. Methods and compositions useful for improving bone and joint health. WO2014028621, 2014.
[65]
Melnick SJ, Quirin K, Ramachadran C, Rothberg M. Supercritical guggul extracts and uses thereof. US20150010615, 2013.
[66]
Zainal Z. Composition comprising of palm γ-tocotrienol for treatment of arthritis. WO2014133379, 2014.
[67]
Bombardelli E. Compositions containing extracts of Curcuma longa and Echinacea angustifolia which are useful to reduce peripheral inflammation and pain. WO2015124616, 2015.
[68]
Muzari MI. Capsaicinoids and uses thereof as medicaments. WO2016025977, 2016.
[69]
Blotsky R, Figueroa R, Bojanowski K, Dominguez R. Anti-glycation methods and compositions. US20150150909, 2015.
[70]
Haeseler G, Maue D, Grosskreutz J, et al. Voltage-dependent block of neuronal and skeletal muscle sodium channels by thymol and menthol. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002; 19(8): 571-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-200208000-00005] [PMID: 12200946]
[71]
Ryu DS, Lee SW, Sohn WY. Pharmaceutical composition comprising the extract of Platycodon grandiflorum enhanced effective saponin contents for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. WO2016153262, 2016.
[72]
Kapadia R. Mixture of specific essential oils for the treatment of arthritis. US20160296582, 2016.
[73]
Choudhary M, Kumar V, Malhotra H, Singh S. Medicinal plants with potential anti-arthritic activity. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2015; 4(2): 147-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jice.20150313021918] [PMID: 26401403]
[74]
Rosenbaum CC, O’Mathúna DP, Chavez M, Shields K. Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Altern Ther Health Med 2010; 16(2): 32-40.
[PMID: 20232616]
[75]
Verdi LG, Brighente IMC, Pizzolatti MG. The Baccharis genus (Asteraceae): Chemical, economic and biological aspects. Quim Nova 2005; 28(1): 85-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422005000100017]
[76]
Júnior AF, Silva GS, Barbosa LN, et al. Medicinal plants from the Brazilian Savanna with antibacterial properties. European J Med Plants 2014; 4(1): 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2014/5945]
[77]
Pedrazzi V, Leite MF, Tavares RC, Sato S, do Nascimento GC, Issa JPM. Herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia as agent for the control of biofilm: Clinical evaluation in humans. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015: 712683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/712683] [PMID: 25874255]
[78]
Norling LV, Perretti M. The role of omega-3 derived resolvins in arthritis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13(3): 476-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2013.02.003] [PMID: 23434193]
[79]
Deal CL, Schnitzer TJ, Lipstein E, et al. Treatment of arthritis with topical capsaicin: A double-blind trial. Clin Ther 1991; 13(3): 383-95.
[PMID: 1954640]
[80]
Somasundaram SG, Oommen B. Antioxidant flavonoids for arthritis treatment: Human and animal models. In; Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases, Watson RR, Preedy VR, Eds., Academic Press: Cambridge, USA, 2013; pp. 1-16.
[81]
Elisha IL, Dzoyem JP, McGaw LJ, Botha FS, Eloff JN. The anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and relationships with total phenolics and total flavonoids of nine South African plants used traditionally to treat arthritis. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16: 307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1301-z] [PMID: 27554099]
[82]
Zainal Z, Hafid SRA, Shahrin Z. Front Immunol Conference Abstract: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI). Milan, Italy, August 2013.
[83]
Riella KR, Marinho RR, Santos JS, et al. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of thymol, a monoterpene of the essential oil from Lippia gracilis, in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 143(2): 656-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.028] [PMID: 22885071]
[84]
Fachini-Queiroz FC, Kummer R, Estevão-Silva CF, et al. Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 657026: 1-10.
[85]
Liang D, Li F, Fu Y, et al. Thymol inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response via down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Inflammation 2014; 37(1): 214-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-013-9732-x] [PMID: 24057926]
[86]
Chauhan AK, Jakhar R, Paul S, Kang SC. Potentiation of macrophage activity by thymol through augmenting phagocytosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 18(2): 340-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.025] [PMID: 24316253]
[87]
Cardoso ES, Santana TA, Diniz PB, Montalvão MM, Bani CC, Thomazzi SM. Thymol accelerates the recovery of the skeletal muscle of mice injured with cardiotoxin. J Pharm Pharmacol Mar 2016; 68(3): 352-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12520]
[88]
Ribeiro AR, Diniz PB, Pinheiro MS, Albuquerque-Júnior RL, Thomazzi SM. Gastroprotective effects of thymol on acute and chronic ulcers in rats: The role of prostaglandins, ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, and gastric mucus secretion. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 244: 121-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.004] [PMID: 26689173]
[89]
Foucault C, Brouqui P. How to fight antimicrobial resistance. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2007; 49(2): 173-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00172.x] [PMID: 17181560]
[90]
Karpanen TJ, Worthington T, Hendry ER, Conway BR, Lambert PA. Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate alone and in combination with eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62(5): 1031-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn325] [PMID: 18703525]
[91]
Nikolić M, Glamočlija J, Ferreira ICFR, et al. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity of thymus serpyllum L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Ind Crops Prod 2014; 52: 183-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.006]
[92]
Houdkova M, Rondevaldova J, Doskocil I, Kokoska L. Evaluation of antibacterial potential and toxicity of plant volatile compounds using new broth microdilution volatilization method and modified MTT assay. Fitoterapia 2017; 118: 56-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.02.008] [PMID: 28223069]
[93]
Asadbegi M, Yaghmaei P, Salehi I, Komaki A, Ebrahim-Habibi A. Investigation of thymol effect on learning and memory impairment induced by intrahippocampal injection of amyloid beta peptide in high fat diet- fed rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32(3): 827-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-9960-0] [PMID: 28255862]
[94]
Alinezhad H, Azimi A, Zare M, et al. Antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of ethanolic extract of flowers, leaves, and stems of Hyssopus officinalis L. var. angustifolius. Int J Food Prop 2013; 16: 1169-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.578319]
[95]
Komaki A, Hoseini F, Shahidi S, Baharlouei N. Study of the effect of extract of Thymus vulgaris on anxiety in male rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6(3): 257-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.01.001] [PMID: 27419090]
[96]
Yanishlieva NV, Marinovaa EM, Gordon MH, Raneva VG. Antioxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems. Food Chem 1999; 64: 59-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00086-7]
[97]
Umar S, Asif M, Sajad M, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Trachyspermum ammi seeds in collagen induced arthritis in rats. Int J Drug Dev Res 2012; 4: 210-9.
[98]
Aman S, Moin S, Owais M, Siddiqui MU. Siddiqui antioxidant activity of thymol: Protective role in AAPH-induced hemolysis in diabetic erythrocytes. IJPSI 2 2013; 3: 55-60.
[99]
de Cássia da Silveira e Sá R, Andrade LN, de Sousa DP. A review on anti-inflammatory activity of monoterpenes. Molecules 2013; 18(1): 1227-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules18011227] [PMID: 23334570]
[100]
Dhaneshwar S, Patel V, Patil D, Meena G. Studies on synthesis, stability, release and pharmacodynamic profile of a novel diacerein-thymol prodrug. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23(1): 55-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.016] [PMID: 23218603]
[101]
Walker R. Pathogenic attenuation via the administration of an equilibiotic compound. US20150132390, 2015.


Rights & PermissionsPrintExport Cite as

Article Details

VOLUME: 14
ISSUE: 2
Year: 2020
Published on: 27 February, 2020
Page: [95 - 105]
Pages: 11
DOI: 10.2174/1872213X14666200228103001
Price: $65

Article Metrics

PDF: 242
HTML: 1



Related Article(s)