Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Discovery Technologies

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1638
ISSN (Online): 1875-6220

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
General Review Article

Pharmacological Applications of Phlorotannins: A Comprehensive Review

Author(s): Ahsan Javed*, Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Ali Tahir, Marwa Waheed, Ahsan Anwar, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Sergey Plygun, Alexey Laishevtcev and Mehdi Pasalar*

Volume 18, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 06 February, 2020

Page: [282 - 292] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200206110243

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Seaweeds, including marine brown algae, are traditional food sources in Asia. Phlorotannins, as the product of the polyketide pathway, are mainly found in brown algae. Different properties have been attributed to this group of marine products ranging from antiallergic to anticancer activity. Mechanism of action is not obvious for all these properties, but there are some explanations for such effects.

Objective: The current study aimed to review the phlorotannins and to assess the beneficial uses in medicine.

Methods: Different databases were explored with the exact terms “Phlorotannin”, “Seaweed” and “Brown Algae”. Data assembly was finalized by June 2019. The papers showing the effects of phlorotannins in medicine were gathered and evaluated for further assessment.

Results: General physiological aspects of phlorotannins were firstly evaluated. Different arrays of pharmacological properties ranging from anti-diabetic activity to cancer treatment were found. The mechanism of action for some of these beneficiary properties has been confirmed through rigorous examinations, but there are some features with unknown mechanisms.

Conclusion: Phlorotannins are characterized as a multifunctional group of natural products. Potential antioxidant characteristics could be attributed to preventive and/or their curative role in various diseases.

Keywords: Phlorotannins, seaweed, marine, brown algae, polyphenol, antioxidant.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Shibata T, Ishimaru K, Kawaguchi S, Yoshikawa H, Hama Y, Eds. Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins isolated from Japanese Laminariaceae. Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium.
[2]
Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71(10): 1397-421.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.02.009] [PMID: 16563357]
[3]
Shibata T, Fujimoto K, Nagayama K, Yamaguchi K, Nakamura T. Inhibitory activity of brown algal phlorotannins against hyaluronidase. Int J Food Sci Technol 2002; 37(6): 703-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00603.x]
[4]
Thomas NV, Kim S-K. Metalloproteinase inhibitors: status and scope from marine organisms. Biochem Res Int 2010; 2010
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/845975]
[5]
Lee SH, Karadeniz F, Kim MM, Kim SK. α‐Glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitory activities of phloroglucinal derivatives from edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava. J Sci Food Agric 2009; 89(9): 1552-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3623]
[6]
Thomas NV, Kim S-K. Beneficial effects of marine algal compounds in cosmeceuticals. Mar Drugs 2013; 11(1): 146-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md11010146] [PMID: 23344156]
[7]
Heo S-J, Hwang J-Y, Choi J-I, Han J-S, Kim H-J, Jeon Y-J. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from Ishige okamurae, a brown algae, a potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor, alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 615(1-3): 252-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.05.017] [PMID: 19482018]
[8]
Artan M, Li Y, Karadeniz F, Lee S-H, Kim M-M, Kim S-K. Anti-HIV-1 activity of phloroglucinol derivative, 6,6′-bieckol, from Ecklonia cava. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16(17): 7921-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.078] [PMID: 18693022]
[9]
Kong C-S, Kim J-A, Yoon N-Y, Kim S-K. Induction of apoptosis by phloroglucinol derivative from Ecklonia Cava in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47(7): 1653-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.013] [PMID: 19393283]
[10]
Lee S. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of phlorotannins derived from Eisenia bicyclis and their inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinases. Busan, South Korea: Pukyong National University 2010.
[11]
Lim CS, Jin D-Q, Sung J-Y, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of Neorhodomela aculeate in hippocampal and microglial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29(6): 1212-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.1212] [PMID: 16755019]
[12]
Hwang H, Chen T, Nines RG, Shin HC, Stoner GD. Photochemoprevention of UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice by brown algae polyphenols. Int J Cancer 2006; 119(12): 2742-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22147] [PMID: 17019718]
[13]
Okada Y, Ishimaru A, Suzuki R, Okuyama T. A new phloroglucinol derivative from the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis: potential for the effective treatment of diabetic complications. J Nat Prod 2004; 67(1): 103-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np030323j] [PMID: 14738398]
[14]
Jung HA, Oh SH, Choi JS. Molecular docking studies of phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis with BACE1 inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20(11): 3211-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.093] [PMID: 20462757]
[15]
Wijesekara I, Yoon NY, Kim SK. Phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyceae): biological activities and potential health benefits. Biofactors 2010; 36(6): 408-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.114] [PMID: 20803523]
[16]
Pal Singh I, Bharate SB. Phloroglucinol compounds of natural origin. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23(4): 558-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b600518g] [PMID: 16874390]
[17]
Arnold TM, Targett NM. Marine tannins: the importance of a mechanistic framework for predicting ecological roles. J Chem Ecol 2002; 28(10): 1919-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020737609151] [PMID: 12474891]
[18]
Glombitza K-W, Pauli K. Fucols and phlorethols from the brown alga Scytothamnus australis Hook. et Harv.(Chnoosporaceae). Botan 2003; 46(3): 315-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BOT.2003.028]
[19]
Connan S, Goulard F, Stiger V, Deslandes E, Gall EA. Interspecific and temporal variation in phlorotannin levels in an assemblage of brown algae. Botan 2004; 47(5): 410-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BOT.2004.057]
[20]
Hemmi A, Mäkinen A, Jormalainen V, Honkanen T. Responses of growth and phlorotannins in Fucus vesiculosus to nutrient enrichment and herbivory. Aquat Ecol 2005; 39(2): 201-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10452-004-3526-z]
[21]
Achkar J, Xian M, Zhao H, Frost JW. Biosynthesis of phloroglucinol. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127(15): 5332-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja042340g] [PMID: 15826166]
[22]
Roleda MY, Clayton MN, Wiencke C. Screening capacity of UV-absorbing compounds in spores of Arctic Laminariales. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 2006; 338(1): 123-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.07.004]
[23]
Roleda MY, Wiencke C, Lüder UH. Impact of ultraviolet radiation on cell structure, UV-absorbing compounds, photosynthesis, DNA damage, and germination in zoospores of Arctic Saccorhiza dermatodea. J Exp Bot 2006; 57(14): 3847-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl154] [PMID: 17050643]
[24]
Fairhead VA, Amsler CD, McClintock JB, Baker BJ. Lack of defense or phlorotannin induction by uv radiation or mesograzers in desmarestia anceps and d. Menziesii (phaeophyceae) 1. J Phycol 2006; 42(6): 1174-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00283.x]
[25]
Duarte C, Acuña K, Navarro JM, Gómez I. Intra-plant differences in seaweed nutritional quality and chemical defenses: importance for the feeding behavior of the intertidal amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata. J Sea Res 2011; 66(3): 215-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2011.07.007]
[26]
Parys S, Kehraus S, Pete R, Küpper FC, Glombitza K-W, König GM. Seasonal variation of polyphenolics in Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). Eur J Phycol 2009; 44(3): 331-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670260802578542]
[27]
van de Laar FA, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, van de Lisdonk EH, Rutten GE, van Weel C. α-glucosidase inhibitors for patients with type 2 diabetes: results from a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(1): 154-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.1.154] [PMID: 15616251]
[28]
Bhandari MR, Jong-Anurakkun N, Hong G, Kawabata J. α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Nepalese medicinal herb Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chem 2008; 106(1): 247-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.077]
[29]
Jung HA, Yoon NY, Woo M-H, Choi JS. Inhibitory activities of extracts from several kinds of seaweeds and phlorotannins from the brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on glucose-mediated protein damage and rat lens aldose reductase. Fish Sci 2008; 74(6): 1363-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2008.01670.x]
[30]
Kang C, Jin YB, Lee H, et al. Brown alga Ecklonia cava attenuates type 1 diabetes by activating AMPK and Akt signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48(2): 509-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.004] [PMID: 19913068]
[31]
Iwai K. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of polyphenols in brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera in genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2008; 63(4): 163-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-008-0098-4] [PMID: 18958624]
[32]
Yuan YV, Walsh NA. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44(7): 1144-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.02.002] [PMID: 16554116]
[33]
Zhang Y, Lee ET, Devereux RB, et al. Prehypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk in a population-based sample: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2006; 47(3): 410-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000205119.19804.08] [PMID: 16446387]
[34]
Lee S-H, Qian Z-J, Kim S-K. A novel angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from tuna frame protein hydrolysate and its antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem 2010; 118(1): 96-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.086]
[35]
Actis-Goretta L, Ottaviani JI, Fraga CG. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme activity by flavanol-rich foods. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(1): 229-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf052263o] [PMID: 16390204]
[36]
Jung HA, Hyun SK, Kim HR, Choi JS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme I inhibitory activity of phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera. Fish Sci 2006; 72(6): 1292-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01288.x]
[37]
Cha S-H, Lee K-W, Jeon Y-J. Screening of Extracts from Red Algae in Jeju for potentials marine angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Algae 2006; 21(3): 343-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2006.21.3.343]
[38]
Levetan C. Oral antidiabetic agents in type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23(4): 945-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/030079907X178766] [PMID: 17407651]
[39]
Moon HE, Islam N, Ahn BR, et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and α-glucosidase inhibitory Phlorotannins from edible brown algae, Ecklonia stolonifera and Eisenia bicyclis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75(8): 1472-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.110137] [PMID: 21821954]
[40]
Yoon J-Y, Choi H, Jun H-S. The effect of phloroglucinol, a component of Ecklonia cava extract, on hepatic glucose production. Mar Drugs 2017; 15(4): 106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md15040106] [PMID: 28379184]
[41]
Imbs T, Zvyagintseva T. Phlorotannins are polyphenolic metabolites of brown algae. Russ J Mar Biol 2018; 44(4): 263-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S106307401804003X]
[42]
Kurihara H, Konno R, Takahashi K. Fucophlorethol C, a phlorotannin as a lipoxygenase inhibitor. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79(12): 1954-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2015.1062716] [PMID: 26155826]
[43]
Lee Y, Park HW, Park SG, et al. Proteomic analysis of glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 cells. Proteomics 2007; 7(2): 185-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200600644] [PMID: 17146837]
[44]
Kang S-M, Cha S-H, Ko J-Y, et al. Neuroprotective effects of phlorotannins isolated from a brown alga, Ecklonia cava, against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal HT22 cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 34(1): 96-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2012.03.006] [PMID: 22465981]
[45]
Cai H. NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent self-propagation of hydrogen peroxide and vascular disease. Circ Res 2005; 96(8): 818-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000163631.07205.fb] [PMID: 15860762]
[46]
Xu Q, Konta T, Nakayama K, et al. Cellular defense against H2O2-induced apoptosis via MAP kinase-MKP-1 pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36(8): 985-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.009] [PMID: 15059639]
[47]
Satoh T, Lipton SA. Redox regulation of neuronal survival mediated by electrophilic compounds. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30(1): 37-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.11.004] [PMID: 17137643]
[48]
Lai S-W, Yu M-S, Yuen W-H, Chang RC-C. Novel neuroprotective effects of the aqueous extracts from Verbena officinalis Linn. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50(6): 641-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.11.009] [PMID: 16406021]
[49]
Jung W-K, Ahn Y-W, Lee S-H, et al. Ecklonia cava ethanolic extracts inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in BV2 microglia via the MAP kinase and NF-kappaB pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47(2): 410-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.041] [PMID: 19111593]
[50]
Fallarero A, Loikkanen JJ, Männistö PT, Castañeda O, Vidal A. Effects of aqueous extracts of Halimeda incrassata (Ellis) Lamouroux and Bryothamnion triquetrum (S.G.Gmelim) Howe on hydrogen peroxide and methyl mercury-induced oxidative stress in GT1-7 mouse hypothalamic immortalized cells. Phytomedicine 2003; 10(1): 39-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/094471103321648647] [PMID: 12622462]
[51]
Pallela R, Na-Young Y, Kim S-K. Anti-photoaging and photoprotective compounds derived from marine organisms. Mar Drugs 2010; 8(4): 1189-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md8041189] [PMID: 20479974]
[52]
Ryu B, Qian Z-J, Kim M-M, Nam KW, Kim S-K. Anti-photoaging activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) by marine red alga, Corallina pilulifera methanol extract. Radiat Phys Chem 2009; 78(2): 98-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.09.001]
[53]
Tengamnuay P, Pengrungruangwong K, Pheansri I, Likhitwitayawuid K. Artocarpus lakoocha heartwood extract as a novel cosmetic ingredient: evaluation of the in vitro anti-tyrosinase and in vivo skin whitening activities. Int J Cosmet Sci 2006; 28(4): 269-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00339.x] [PMID: 18489267]
[54]
Caddeo C, Teskač K, Sinico C, Kristl J. Effect of resveratrol incorporated in liposomes on proliferation and UV-B protection of cells. Int J Pharm 2008; 363(1-2): 183-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.024] [PMID: 18718515]
[55]
Henry BE, Van Alstyne KL. Effects of uv radiation on growth and phlorotannins in fucus gardneri (Phaeophyceae) juveniles and embryos 1. J Phycol 2004; 40(3): 527-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03103.x]
[56]
Xie Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu Y. Ultraviolet-B exposure induces photo-oxidative damage and subsequent repair strategies in a desert cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus Gom. Eur J Soil Biol 2009; 45(4): 377-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2009.04.003]
[57]
Rajapakse N, Mendis E, Kim M-M, Kim S-K. Sulfated glucosamine inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in human fibrosarcoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15(14): 4891-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.048] [PMID: 17498959]
[58]
Zhang C, Kim S-K. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) from marine natural products: The current situation and future prospects. Mar Drugs 2009; 7(2): 71-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md7020071] [PMID: 19597572]
[59]
Mantena SK, Meeran SM, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Orally administered green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancer in mice through activation of cytotoxic T cells and inhibition of angiogenesis in tumors. J Nutr 2005; 135(12): 2871-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.12.2871] [PMID: 16317135]
[60]
Ryu B, Li Y, Qian Z-J, Kim M-M, Kim S-K. Differentiation of human osteosarcoma cells by isolated phlorotannins is subtly linked to COX-2, iNOS, MMPs, and MAPK signaling: implication for chronic articular disease. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 179(2-3): 192-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.01.006] [PMID: 19330880]
[61]
Kim M-M, Ta QV, Mendis E, et al. Phlorotannins in Ecklonia cava extract inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity. Life Sci 2006; 79(15): 1436-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.04.022] [PMID: 16737716]
[62]
Ruberto G, Baratta MT, Biondi DM, Amico V. Antioxidant activity of extracts of the marine algal genus Cystoseira in a micellar model system. J Appl Phycol 2001; 13(5): 403-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011972230477]
[63]
Kahl R, Kappus H. Toxicology of the synthetic antioxidants BHA and BHT in comparison with the natural antioxidant vitamin E. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1993; 196(4): 329-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01197931] [PMID: 8493816]
[64]
Heo S-J, Park P-J, Park E-J, Cho S-MK, Kim S-K, Jeon Y-J. Antioxidative effect of proteolytic hydrolysates from Ecklonia cava on radical scavenging using ESR and $ H_2O_2 $-induced DNA damage. Food Sci Biotechnol 2005; 14(5): 614-20.
[65]
Ahn G-N, Kim K-N, Cha S-H, et al. Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins purified from Ecklonia cava on free radical scavenging using ESR and H 2 O 2-mediated DNA damage. Eur Food Res Technol 2007; 226(1-2): 71-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-006-0510-y]
[66]
Schaeffer DJ, Krylov VS. Anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds from algae and cyanobacteria. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2000; 45(3): 208-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1862] [PMID: 10702339]
[67]
Kurapati KRV, Atluri VS, Samikkannu T, Garcia G, Nair MP. Natural products as anti-HIV agents and role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): a brief overview. Front Microbiol 2016; 6: 1444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01444] [PMID: 26793166]
[68]
Queiroz KC, Medeiros VP, Queiroz LS, et al. Inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity of HIV by polysaccharides of brown algae. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62(5): 303-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2008.03.006] [PMID: 18455359]
[69]
Matei E, Basu R, Furey W, et al. Structure and glycan binding of a new cyanovirin-N homolog. J Biol Chem 2016; 291(36): 18967-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.740415] [PMID: 27402833]
[70]
Novak N, Bieber T. Allergic and nonallergic forms of atopic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112(2): 252-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2003.1595] [PMID: 12897728]
[71]
Sheinkopf LE, Rafi AW, Do LT, Katz RM, Klaustermeyer WB, Eds. Efficacy of omalizumab in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a pilot study. Allergy & Asthma Proceedings 2008.
[72]
Samitas K, Delimpoura V, Zervas E, Gaga M. Anti-IgE treatment, airway inflammation and remodelling in severe allergic asthma: current knowledge and future perspectives. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24(138): 594-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.00001715] [PMID: 26621973]
[73]
Sugiura Y, Matsuda K, Yamada Y, et al. Isolation of a new anti-allergic phlorotannin, phlorofucofuroeckol-B, from an edible brown alga, Eisenia arborea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006; 70(11): 2807-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60417] [PMID: 17090915]
[74]
Miyake K, Karasuyama H. Emerging roles of basophils in allergic inflammation. Allergol Int 2017; 66(3): 382-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2017.04.007] [PMID: 28506528]
[75]
Joe M-J, Kim S-N, Choi H-Y, et al. The inhibitory effects of eckol and dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human dermal fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29(8): 1735-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.1735] [PMID: 16880634]
[76]
Heo S-J, Ko S-C, Cha S-H, et al. Effect of phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava on melanogenesis and their protective effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23(6): 1123-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.05.013] [PMID: 19490939]
[77]
Kim YC, An RB, Yoon NY, Nam TJ, Choi JS. Hepatoprotective constituents of the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28(12): 1376-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02977904] [PMID: 16392671]
[78]
Sugiura Y, Matsuda K, Okamoto T, Kakinuma M, Amano H. Anti-allergic effects of the brown alga Eisenia arborea on brown Norway rats. Fish Sci 2008; 74(1): 180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01508.x]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
32
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy