Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Nutrition & Food Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4013
ISSN (Online): 2212-3881

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Iran: A Literature Review

Author(s): Mohammad Bagherniya, Zahra Khorasanchi, Mina S. Bidokhti, Gordon A. Ferns, Mitra Rezaei, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan* and Amirhossein Sahebkar*

Volume 16, Issue 7, 2020

Page: [1015 - 1027] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1573401316666200123100453

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a common medical condition worldwide. In Iran, it has been reported that between 30-90% of people have vitamin D deficiency. However, its distribution in different parts of the country and among different age and regional groups is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the recent literature on vitamin D deficiency in Iran.

Methods: The literature review was performed using Web of Science, PubMed-Medline, Scopus and Scientific Information Database (SID) with a cut-off date of November 2016 to identify articles on vitamin D status in Iran published in the last 10 years. Studies in English and Persian that reported vitamin D levels in male and female subjects of all age groups and in healthy populations were included.

Results: From 325 studies that were initially retrieved, 82 articles met the inclusion criteria. A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was reported, and in some regions, this was reported as >90% and was found in all age groups and in all regions of Iran.

Conclusion: This review highlights the very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iran. It will be important to recognize the importance of vitamin D deficiency as a major public health problem in Iran.

Keywords: Autoimmune diseases, bone health, calcium homeostasis, non-communicable diseases, public health, vitamin D deficiency.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87(4): 1080S-6S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080S] [PMID: 18400738]
[2]
Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144(Pt A): 138-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003] [PMID: 24239505]
[3]
Pludowski P, Holick MF, Pilz S, et al. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality-a review of recent evidence. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12(10): 976-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2013.02.004] [PMID: 23542507]
[4]
Schwalfenberg GK. A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55(1): 96-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000174] [PMID: 20824663]
[5]
Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency in 2010: health benefits of vitamin D and sunlight: a D-bate. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7(2): 73-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2010.234] [PMID: 21263437]
[6]
Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour J-P, et al. IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20(11): 1807-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6] [PMID: 19543765]
[7]
Hosseinpanah F, Pour SH, Heibatollahi M, Moghbel N, Asefzade S, Azizi F. The effects of air pollution on vitamin D status in healthy women: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2010; 10(1): 519.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-519] [PMID: 20799984]
[8]
Khayyatzadeh SS, Bagherniya M, Abdollahi Z, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. What is the best solution to manage vitamin D deficiency? IUBMB Life 2019; 71(9): 1190-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iub.2038] [PMID: 30932323]
[9]
Olang B, Naghavi M, Bastani D, Strandvik B, Yngve A. Optimal vitamin A and suboptimal vitamin D status are common in Iranian infants. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100(3): 439-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02058.x] [PMID: 20950411]
[10]
Alipour S, Saberi A, Seifollahi A, Shirzad N, Hosseini L. Risk factors and prevalence of vitamin d deficiency among Iranian women attending two university hospitals. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014; 16(10)e15461
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.15461] [PMID: 25763193]
[11]
Khashayar P, Meybodi HRA, Homami MR, et al. The discriminative value of various biochemical parameters in detecting varying degrees of vitamin D deficiency in the Iranian population. Clin Lab 2011; 57(3-4): 163-70.
[PMID: 21500723]
[12]
Fuleihan GE-H, Rahme M, Bassil D. Do desirable vitamin D levels vary globally? Nutritional influences on bone health. Springer 2013; pp. 273-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2769-7_27]
[13]
Bassil D, Rahme M, Hoteit M. Fuleihan Gel-H. Hypovitaminosis D in the Middle East and North Africa: prevalence, risk factors and impact on outcomes. Dermatoendocrinol 2013; 5(2): 274-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/derm.25111] [PMID: 24194968]
[14]
Siassi F, Mohammad K, Djazayery A, et al. National Integrated Micronutrient Survey 2012 NIMS II. Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education 2015.
[15]
Wiseman SA, Balentine DA, Frei B. Antioxidants in tea. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1997; 37(8): 705-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408399709527798] [PMID: 9447271]
[16]
Nassar N, Halligan GH, Roberts CL, Morris JM, Ashton AW. Systematic review of first-trimester vitamin D normative levels and outcomes of pregnancy. Am J Obstetrics and gynecology 2011; 205(3,208): e1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2011.03.058]
[17]
Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(9): 3517-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0718] [PMID: 17535985]
[18]
Merewood A, Mehta SD, Chen TC, Bauchner H, Holick MF. Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary cesarean section. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94(3): 940-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1217] [PMID: 19106272]
[19]
Leffelaar ER, Vrijkotte TG, van Eijsden M. Maternal early pregnancy vitamin D status in relation to fetal and neonatal growth: results of the multi-ethnic Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort. Br J Nutr 2010; 104(1): 108-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000022X] [PMID: 20193097]
[20]
Morley R, Carlin JB, Pasco JA, Wark JD. Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone concentrations and offspring birth size. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(3): 906-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1479] [PMID: 16352684]
[21]
Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, et al. Princess Anne Hospital Study Group. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2006; 367(9504): 36-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67922-1] [PMID: 16399151]
[22]
Sabour H, Hossein-Nezhad A, Maghbooli Z, Madani F, Mir E, Larijani B. Relationship between pregnancy outcomes and maternal vitamin D and calcium intake: a cross-sectional study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006; 22(10): 585-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09513590601005409] [PMID: 17135038]
[23]
Cooper C, Javaid K, Westlake S, Harvey N, Dennison E. Developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture: the role of maternal vitamin D insufficiency. J Nutr 2005; 135(11): 2728S-34S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.11.2728S] [PMID: 16251639]
[24]
Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(3): 266-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553] [PMID: 17634462]
[25]
Hilger J, Friedel A, Herr R, et al. A systematic review of vitamin D status in populations worldwide. Br J Nutr 2014; 111(1): 23-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513001840] [PMID: 23930771]
[26]
Gilbert-Diamond D, Baylin A, Mora-Plazas M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and anthropometric indicators of adiposity in school-age children: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92(6): 1446-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29746] [PMID: 20926524]
[27]
Wagner CL, Greer FR. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 2008; 122(5): 1142-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1862] [PMID: 18977996]
[28]
Wolfram S. Effects of green tea and EGCG on cardiovascular and metabolic health. J Am Coll Nutr 2007; 26(4): 373S-88S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2007.10719626] [PMID: 17906191]
[29]
Olang B. Aspects of feeding patterns in the first two years of life in Iranian infants: Inst för biovetenskaper och näringslära/Dept of Biosciences and Nutrition 2011.
[30]
Koo SI, Noh SK. Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18(3): 179-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.005] [PMID: 17296491]
[31]
Shea MK, Benjamin EJ, Dupuis J, et al. Genetic and non-genetic correlates of vitamins K and D. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63(4): 458-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602959] [PMID: 18030310]
[32]
Huh SY, Gordon CM. Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents: epidemiology, impact and treatment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2008; 9(2): 161-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-007-9072-y] [PMID: 18175220]
[33]
Gordon CM, DePeter KC, Feldman HA, Grace E, Emans SJ. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158(6): 531-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.6.531] [PMID: 15184215]
[34]
Winzenberg T, Powell S, Shaw KA, Jones G. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on bone density in healthy children: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011; 342: c7254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c7254] [PMID: 21266418]
[35]
Tavakoli H, Rostami H, Avan A, et al. High dose vitamin D supplementation is associated with an improvement in serum markers of liver function. Biofactors 2019; 45(3): 335-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.1496] [PMID: 30761636]
[36]
Khayyatzadeh SS, Vatanparast H, Avan A, et al. Serum transaminase concentrations and the presence of irritable bowel syndrome are associated with serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations in adolescent girls who are overweight and obese. Ann Nutr Metab 2017; 71(3-4): 234-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484634] [PMID: 29136622]
[37]
Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res 2011; 31(1): 48-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001] [PMID: 21310306]
[38]
Daly RM, Gagnon C, Lu ZX, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its determinants in Australian adults aged 25 years and older: a national, population-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77(1): 26-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04320.x] [PMID: 22168576]
[39]
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. Am J Med 2004; 116(9): 634-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.029] [PMID: 15093761]
[40]
Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P. Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(12): 5766-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030604] [PMID: 14671166]
[41]
Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(6)(Suppl.): 1678S-88S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S] [PMID: 15585788]
[42]
Bagheri P, Haghdoost A. DORTAJ RE, et al. Ultra analysis of prevalence of osteoporosis in iranian women. IJEM 2011; 13(3): 315-25.
[43]
Alavi NM, Madani M, Taghizadeh M, Sharif MR. Vitamin D supplementation in female nurses: the effects on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and non-specific musculoskeletal pain. J Musculoskelet Res 2015; 18(02)1550008
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218957715500086]
[44]
Ghassemi H, Harrison G, Mohammad K. An accelerated nutrition transition in Iran. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5(1A): 149-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2001287] [PMID: 12027278]
[45]
Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. J Nutr 2001; 131(3): 871S-3S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.871S] [PMID: 11238777]
[46]
Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev 2012; 70(1): 3-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x] [PMID: 22221213]
[47]
Alipour S. HRM, Abdolahi M, Esmaili M, Kalantara N, Ghafarpor M. editor Fish and seafood consumption pattern of Iranian households in the food basket. 9th Iranian National Congress of Nutrition.Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2006.
[48]
Ardawi M-S, Sibiany AM, Bakhsh TM, Qari MH, Maimani AA. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy Saudi Arabian men: relationship to bone mineral density, parathyroid hormone, bone turnover markers, and lifestyle factors. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23(2): 675-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1606-1] [PMID: 21625888]
[49]
American Geriatrics Society Workgroup on Vitamin D Supplementation for Older Adults. Recommendations abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society Consensus Statement on vitamin D for Prevention of Falls and Their Consequences. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62(1): 147-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12631] [PMID: 24350602]
[50]
Fischer PR, Thacher TD, Pettifor JM. Pediatric vitamin D and calcium nutrition in developing countries. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2008; 9(3): 181-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-008-9085-1] [PMID: 18604643]
[51]
Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2017; 18(2): 153-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-017-9424-1] [PMID: 28516265]
[52]
Dror Y, Giveon SM, Hoshen M, Feldhamer I, Balicer RD, Feldman BS. Vitamin D levels for preventing acute coronary syndrome and mortality: evidence of a nonlinear association. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98(5): 2160-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1185] [PMID: 23533239]
[53]
Holick MF. Vitamin D: a millenium perspective. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88(2): 296-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.10338] [PMID: 12520530]
[54]
Venning G. Recent developments in vitamin D deficiency and muscle weakness among elderly people. BMJ 2005; 330(7490): 524-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7490.524] [PMID: 15746134]
[55]
Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2001; 22(4): 477-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437] [PMID: 11493580]
[56]
Mosaed PS, Farzam BM. Prevalence vitamin D deficiency and Determine the biochemical effects of vitamin D deficiency in mothers and infants in Sanandaj - Kurdistan. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2005.
[57]
Kazemi A, Sharifi F, Jafari N, Mousavinasab N. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in an Iranian population. J Women Health 2009; 18(6): 835-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.0954]
[58]
Rostami M. RTF, Simbar M, Alavi Majd SH, Hossein Panah F. Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and related factors Among Pregnant Women referred to Masjed Soleyman health centers in 2014. J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2015; 164: 10-1.
[59]
Abbasian M, Chaman R, Amiri M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their neonates. Glob J Health Sci 2016; 8(9): 54008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n9p83] [PMID: 27157170]
[60]
Sadin B, Pourghassem Gargari B, Pourteymour Fard Tabrizi F, Vitamin D, Vitamin D. Status in Preeclamptic and Non-preeclamptic Pregnant Women: A Case-Control Study in the North West of Iran. Health Promot Perspect 2015; 5(3): 183-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2015.022] [PMID: 26634196]
[61]
Mirzaei F, Amiri Moghadam T, Arasteh P. Comparison of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels between mothers with small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age newborns in Kerman. Iran. J Reprod Med 2015; 13(4): 203-8.
[PMID: 26131008]
[62]
Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Shafaei AR, Karimi F, Madani FS, Larijani B. Vitamin D status in mothers and their newborns in Iran. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2007; 7: 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-7-1] [PMID: 17295904]
[63]
Khalessi N, Kalani M, Araghi M, Farahani Z. The relationship between maternal vitamin d deficiency and low birth weight neonates. J Family Reprod Health 2015; 9(3): 113-7.
[PMID: 26622309]
[64]
Khalesi N, Bahaeddini SM, Shariat M. Prevalence of maternal vitamin D deficiency in neonates with delayed hypocalcaemia. Acta Med Iran 2012; 50(11): 740-5.
[PMID: 23292625]
[65]
Pirdehghan A, Vakili M, Dehghan R, Zare F. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Yazd, a Central Province of Iran. J Reprod Infertil 2016; 17(1): 34-8.
[PMID: 26962481]
[66]
Mosaed PS, Farzam BN. Prevalence vitamin D deficiency and Determine the biochemical effects of vitamin D deficiency in mothers and infants in Sanandaj - Kurdistan Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2006.
[67]
Moussavi M, Heidarpour R, Aminorroaya A, Pournaghshband Z, Amini M. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Isfahani high school students in 2004. Horm Res 2005; 64(3): 144-8.
[PMID: 16192739]
[68]
Rabbani A, Alavian SM, Motlagh ME, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency among children and adolescents living in Tehran, Iran. J Trop Pediatr 2009; 55(3): 189-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmn078] [PMID: 18775944]
[69]
Shakiba M, Nafei Z, Lotfi MH, Shajari A. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among female students in secondary guidance school in Yazd city. Acta medica Iranica. Acta Med Iran 2009; 47(3): 209-14.
[70]
Ardestani PM, Salek M, Keshteli AH, et al. Vitamin D status of 6- to 7-year-old children living in Isfahan, Iran. Endokrynol Pol 2010; 61(4): 377-82.
[PMID: 20806182]
[71]
Razzaghy-Azar M, Shakiba M. Assessment of vitamin D status in healthy children and adolescents living in Tehran and its relation to iPTH, gender, weight and height. Ann Hum Biol 2010; 37(5): 692-701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03014460903527348] [PMID: 20166840]
[72]
Talaei A, Yadegari N, Rafee M, Rezvanfar MR, Moini A. Prevalence and cut-off point of vitamin D deficiency among secondary students of Arak, Iran in 2010. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(5): 786-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.100676] [PMID: 23087865]
[73]
Neyestani TR, Hajifaraji M, Omidvar N, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in school-age children in Tehran, 2008: a red alert. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15(2): 324-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011000188] [PMID: 21356149]
[74]
Jamali Z, Asadikaram G, Mahmoodi M, et al. Vitamin D status in female students and its relation to calcium metabolism markers, lifestyles, and polymorphism in vitamin D receptor. Clin Lab 2013; 59(3-4): 407-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2012.120908] [PMID: 23724632]
[75]
Ebrahimi M, Khashayar P, Keshtkar A, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 27(7-8): 595-602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2013-0428] [PMID: 24854533]
[76]
Habibesadat S, Ali K, Shabnam JM, Arash A. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its related factors in children and adolescents living in North Khorasan, Iran. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 27(5-6): 431-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2013-0198] [PMID: 24519715]
[77]
Mohammadian S, Mortezazadeh R, Zaeri H, Vakili MA. Relationship between 25-hydroxy vitamin-D and obesity in 2-7 years old children referred to a paediatric hospital in Iran. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8(9): PC06-8.
[PMID: 25386496]
[78]
Mellati AA, Sharifi F, Faghihzade S, Mousaviviri SA, Chiti H, Kazemi SA. Vitamin D status and its associations with components of metabolic syndrome in healthy children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015; 28(5-6): 641-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2013-0495] [PMID: 25928755]
[79]
Saki F, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Omrani GR, Bakhshayeshkaram M. Vitamin D deficiency and its associated risk factors in children and adolescents in southern Iran. Public Health Nutr 2015.
[PMID: 26051113]
[80]
Jari M, Qorbani M, Moafi M, et al. Association of 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels with indexes of general and abdominal obesity in Iranian adolescents: The CASPIAN-III study. J Res Med Sci 2015; 20(2): 122-6.
[PMID: 25983762]
[81]
Motlaghzadeh Y, Sayarifard F, Allahverdi B, et al. Assessment of vitamin D status and response to vitamin D3 in obese and non-obese Iranian children. J Trop Pediatr 2016; 62(4): 269-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmv091] [PMID: 26995012]
[82]
Zahedi rad M SN, Neyestani T, Kalayi A, Gharavi A, Bazhan M. Comparing vitamin D deficiency prevalance in Iranian diabetics and healthy subjects: a pilot study. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2013; 7(5): 505-10.
[83]
Moradzadeh KAM, Keshtkar AA, Hossein Nejad A, Rajabi R, Nabipour I. gooya MH, Omrani GH, Bahrami A, Delavare AR, Biglrzadeh M. Normal levels of vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency in Iran. J Kurd Univ Med Sci 2005; 10: 43-33.
[84]
Shakiba M, Rafiee P. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Yazd hospital staff in 1387. J Yazd Univ Med Sci Health Serv 2008; 7: 30-22.
[85]
Maddah M, Sharami SH, Neyestani TR. Vitamin D insufficiency among postmenopausal women in urban and rural areas in Guilan, Northern Iran. J Nutr Elder 2009; 28(4): 386-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639360903393523] [PMID: 21184380]
[86]
Niafar M, Bahrami A, Aliasgharzadeh A, Aghamohammadzadeh N, Najafipour F, Mobasseri M. Vitamin D status in healthy postmenopausal Iranian women. J Res Med Sci 2009; 14(3): 171-7.
[PMID: 21772879]
[87]
Alizadeh ZHF, Rajabian M. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in people with higher body mass index kg/m2 25 and its association with demographic and anthropometric indices. J Tehran Univ Med Sci 2015; 73: 447-55.
[88]
Hovsepian S, Amini M, Aminorroaya A, Amini P, Iraj B. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan city, Iran. J Health Popul Nutr 2011; 29(2): 149-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v29i2.7857] [PMID: 21608424]
[89]
Kaykhaei MA, Hashemi M, Narouie B, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Zahedan, southeast Iran. Ann Nutr Metab 2011; 58(1): 37-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000323749] [PMID: 21304235]
[90]
Taheri E, Djalali M, Someolia AS, Jazayeri A, Rahimi A. The association of vitamin D and glycemic profiles in diabetic patients compared to healthy control. Majallah-i Danishkadah-i Pizishki-i Isfahan 2011; 29(148): 952-64.
[91]
Heidari B, Haji Mirghassemi MB. Seasonal variations in serum vitamin D according to age and sex. Caspian J Intern Med 2012; 3(4): 535-40.
[PMID: 24009930]
[92]
Bonakdaran Sh GMM. Fakhraee F Assessment of 25 hydroxyvitamin D level and its correlation with metabolic syndrome in Mashhad. In: Mashhad University of Medical Science. 2015; 58: pp. (2)88-94.
[93]
Djalali M, Taheri E, Saedisomeolia A, et al. Vitamin D status of type 2 diabetic patients compared with healthy subjects in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2014; 19(Suppl. 3): S6-S11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2013.19.Supp3.S6] [PMID: 24995761]
[94]
Faghih S, Abdolahzadeh M, Mohammadi M, Hasanzadeh J. Prevalence of vitamin d deficiency and its related factors among university students in shiraz, Iran. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5(6): 796-9.
[PMID: 25013702]
[95]
Salehi MFK, Gholami M, Esmailzade F. The survey of 25-OH vitamin D serum level in young women in Neyshabur. J Neyshabur Univ Med Sci 2015; 3(3): 13-20.
[96]
Zabihiyeganeh M, Jahed SA, Sarami S, Nojomi M, Hypovitaminosis D, Hypovitaminosis D. Are medical students at risk? Int J Prev Med 2014; 5(9): 1161-8.
[PMID: 25317300]
[97]
Hassannia T, GhaznaviRad E, Vakili R, et al. High prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and associated risk factors among employed women in a sunny industrial city. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2015; 85(3-4): 119-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000231] [PMID: 26780391]
[98]
Agha MohammadZadeh NNF. MehdiZadeh A, Aliasgharzadeh A, Bahrami A, Niafar M, Razzaghi Z. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian elderly and nursing home residents. Mashhad Univ Med Sci 2014; 57(9): 962-8.
[99]
Alipour M, Hosseini SR, Saadat P, Bijani A. The relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain and vitamin D deficiency in the elderly population of Amirkola, Iran. Majallah-i Danishgah-i Ulum-i Pizishki-i Babul 2015; 17(10): 7-14.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
44
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy