Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current HIV Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-162X
ISSN (Online): 1873-4251

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-Life Data

Author(s): Marina Grand*, Daniel Bia and Alejandro Diaz

Volume 18, Issue 1, 2020

Page: [5 - 18] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/1570162X17666191212091618

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: People living with HIV (PLWHIV) have a 2-fold higher risk of having a cardiovascular event than HIV-negative individuals.

Objective: The objective of this article is to estimate the pooled proportion of moderate-high cardiovascular risk in PLWHIV obtained through different scores. In addition, this study also aims to establish the prevalence of dyslipidemia, smoking habits, diabetes and high blood pressure in the included studies.

Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted in MEDLINE for studies on cardiovascular risk assessment in PLWHVI that took place during the period of inception to July 2018. The eligibility criteria for inclusion were: cross-sectional or longitudinal studies on HIV-positive adults in which the prevalence of moderate-high cardiovascular risk (or data to calculate it) was reported, and included at least one of the following cardiovascular risk scores: Framingham, ASCVD, D:A:D, Progetto Cuore, PROCAM, SCORE, Regicor, and World Health Organization scores.

Results: Bibliographic search identified 278 studies. Finally, thirty-nine peer-reviewed publications were identified for a collective total of 13698 subjects. The pooled prevalence of moderate-high cardiovascular risk in PLWHIV obtained with nine different scores through random-effect modeling was 20.41% (95% CI: 16.77-24.31). The most prevalent concomitant cardiovascular risk factor was dyslipidemia (39.5%), smoking (33.0 %), high blood pressure (19.8%) and diabetes (7.24%).

Conclusion: Data obtained in this systematic review indicate that more than 1 in every five subjects with HIV have a moderate-high cardiovascular risk. In consequence, the burden of cardiovascular disease in PLWHIV represents a public health problem. There is an urgent need to develop strategies to prevent and detect cardiovascular risk effectively in PLWHIV.

Keywords: Cardiovascular risk, risk assessment, human immunodeficiency virus, systematic review, meta-analysis, PLWHIV.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
UNAIDS; Fact sheet 2019. [cited 8 Nov 2019]. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
[2]
Patel V, Chisholm D, Dua T, Laxminarayan R, Medina-Mora ME. Global Mortality and Morbidity of HIV/AIDS: Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders. Disease Control Priorities, World Bank 2015; 3: 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0426-7] [PMID: 27227246]
[3]
Samji H, Cescon A, Hogg RS, et al. Closing the gap: increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada. PLoS One 2013; 8(12)e81355
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081355] [PMID: 24367482]
[4]
Teeraananchai S, Kerr SJ, Amin J, Ruxrungtham K, Law MG. Life expectancy of HIV-positive people after starting combination antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis. HIV Med 2017; 18(4): 256-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12421] [PMID: 27578404]
[5]
Patterson S, Cescon A, Samji H, et al. Life expectancy of HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in Canada. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15: 274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0969-x] [PMID: 26183704]
[6]
Feinstein MJ, Bahiru E, Achenbach C, et al. Patterns of Cardiovascular Mortality for HIV-Infected Adults in the United States: 1999 to 2013. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117(2): 214-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.10.030] [PMID: 26639041]
[7]
Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(7): 2506-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2190] [PMID: 17456578]
[8]
Croxford S, Kitching A, Desai S, et al. Mortality and causes of death in people diagnosed with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population: an analysis of a national observational cohort. Lancet Public Health 2017; 2(1): e35-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30020-2] [PMID: 29249478]
[9]
Feinstein MJ, Steverson AB, Ning H, et al. Adjudicated Heart Failure in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Men and Women. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7(21): e009985
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009985] [PMID: 30571387]
[10]
Vachiat A, McCutcheon K, Tsabedze N, Zachariah D, Manga P. HIV and Ischemic Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69(1): 73-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.979] [PMID: 28057253]
[11]
Freiberg MS, Chang CC, Kuller LH, et al. HIV infection and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173(8): 614-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3728] [PMID: 23459863]
[12]
Shah ASV, Stelzle D, Lee KK, et al. Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2018; 138(11): 1100-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033369] [PMID: 29967196]
[13]
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380(9859): 2095-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0] [PMID: 23245604]
[14]
Hanna DB, Ramaswamy C, Kaplan RC, et al. Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Persons With HIV in New York City, 2001-2012. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63(8): 1122-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw470] [PMID: 27444412]
[15]
Cerrato E, Calcagno A, D’Ascenzo F, et al. Cardiovascular disease in HIV patients: from bench to bedside and backwards. Open Heart 2015; 2(1):e000174
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2014-000174] [PMID: 25815207]
[16]
Hsue PY, Waters DD. Time to Recognize HIV Infection as a Major Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Circulation 2018; 138(11): 1113-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036211] [PMID: 30354392]
[17]
Önen NF, Overton ET, Seyfried W, et al. Aging and HIV infection: A comparison between older HIV-infected persons and the general population. HIV Clin Trials 2010; 11(2): 100-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/hct1102-100] [PMID: 20542846]
[18]
Riddler SA, Smit E, Cole SR, et al. Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men. JAMA 2003; 289(22): 2978-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.22.2978] [PMID: 12799406]
[19]
Dave JA, Levitt NS, Ross IL, Lacerda M, Maartens G, Blom D. Anti-retroviral therapy increases the prevalence of dyslipidemia in South African HIV-Infected Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11(3)e0151911
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151911] [PMID: 26986065]
[20]
Hernandez-Romieu AC, Garg S, Rosenberg ES, Thompson-Paul AM, Skarbinski J. Is diabetes prevalence higher among HIV-infected individuals compared with the general population? Evidence from MMP and NHANES 2009-2010. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2017; 5(1):e000304
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000304] [PMID: 28191320]
[21]
Duncan AD, Goff LM, Peters BS. Type 2 diabetes prevalence and its risk factors in HIV: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13(3):e0194199
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194199] [PMID: 29529066]
[22]
Manner IW, Baekken M, Oektedalen O, Os I. Hypertension and antihypertensive treatment in HIV-infected individuals. A longitudinal cohort study. Blood Press 2012; 21(5): 311-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2012.680742] [PMID: 22564000]
[23]
De Socio GV, Ricci E, Maggi P, et al. Time trend in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in a contemporary cohort of HIV-infected patients: The HIV and Hypertension Study. J Hypertens 2017; 35(2): 409-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001150] [PMID: 28005710]
[24]
Duval X, Baron G, Garelik D, et al. Living with HIV, antiretroviral treatment experience and tobacco smoking: Results from a multisite cross-sectional study. Antivir Ther (Lond) 2008; 13(3): 389-97.
[PMID: 18572752]
[25]
Tesoriero JM, Gieryic SM, Carrascal A, Lavigne HE. Smoking among HIV positive New Yorkers: prevalence, frequency, and opportunities for cessation. AIDS Behav 2010; 14(4): 824-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9449-2] [PMID: 18777131]
[26]
Neuhaus J, Jacobs DR Jr, Baker JV, et al. Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 201(12): 1788-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/652749] [PMID: 20446848]
[27]
Subramanya V, McKay HS, Brusca RM, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. PLoS One 2019; 14(4):e0214735
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214735] [PMID: 30946765]
[28]
Baker JV, Sharma S, Achhra AC, et al. Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors With Immediate Versus Deferred Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Among HIV-Positive Participants in the START (Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6(5):e004987
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004987] [PMID: 28533305]
[29]
Dai L, Liu A, Zhang H, et al. Impact of Lopinavir/ritonavir-and Efavirenz-based Antiretroviral Therapy on the Lipid Profile of Chinese HIV/AIDS Treatment-naïve Patients in Beijing: A Retrospective Study. Curr HIV Res 2019. Epub ahead of print
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162X17666191025115508] [PMID: 31654514]
[30]
Ryom L, Lundgren JD, El-Sadr W, et al. Cardiovascular disease and use of contemporary protease inhibitors: The D:A:D international prospective multicohort study. Lancet HIV 2018; 5(6): e291-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30043-2] [PMID: 29731407]
[31]
Tsai FJ, Cheng CF, Lai CH, et al. Effect of antiretroviral therapy use and adherence on the risk of hyperlipidemia among HIVinfected patients, in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era Oncotarget 2017 2017; 8(63): 106369-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22465]
[32]
Oliveira RVC, Shimakura SE, Campos DP, et al. Effects of antiretroviral treatment and nadir CD4 count in progression to cardiovascular events and related comorbidities in a HIV Brazilian cohort: a multi-stage approach. AIDS Care 2018; 30(5): 551-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2017.1391984] [PMID: 29058481]
[33]
d’Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Pavone P, et al. What happens to cardiovascular system behind the undetectable level of HIV viremia? AIDS Res Ther 2016; 13: 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12981-016-0105-z]
[34]
D’Ascenzo F, Cerrato E, Calcagno A, et al. High prevalence at computed coronary tomography of non-calcified plaques in asymptomatic HIV patients treated with HAART: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240(1): 197-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.019] [PMID: 25797313]
[35]
Graham IA. The importance of total cardiovascular risk assessment in clinical practice. Eur J Clin Practice 2009; pp. 148-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13814780600976282]
[36]
Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998; 97(18): 1837-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.18.1837] [PMID: 9603539]
[37]
Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H. Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 2002; 105(3): 310-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc0302.102575] [PMID: 11804985]
[38]
Marrugata J, Solanas P, D’Agostino R, Sullivan L, Ordovase J, Cordón F. Estimación del riesgo coronario en España mediante la ecuación de Framingham calibrada. Rev Esp Cardiol 2003; 56: 253-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-8932(03)76861-4]
[39]
Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003; 24(11): 987-1003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00114-3] [PMID: 12788299]
[40]
Palmieri L, Panico S, Vanuzzo D, et al. La valutazione del rischio cardiovascolare globale assoluto: il punteggio individuale del Progetto CUORE. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2004; 40(4): 393-9.
[PMID: 15815105]
[41]
World Health Organization. Prevention of cardiovascular disease: guidelines for assessment and management of total cardiovascular risk 2007.https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43685
[42]
D’Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008; 117(6): 743-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579] [PMID: 18212285]
[43]
Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63(25 Pt B): 2935-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.005] [PMID: 24239921]
[44]
Friis-Møller N, Thiébaut R, Reiss P, et al. DAD study group. Predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients: the data collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010; 17(5): 491-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e328336a150] [PMID: 20543702]
[45]
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6(7)e1000097
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097] [PMID: 19621072]
[46]
Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. PRISMA-P Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 2015; 4: 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1] [PMID: 25554246]
[47]
Ferreira González I, Urrútia G, Alonso-Coello P. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis: scientific rationale and interpretation. Rev Esp Cardiol 2011; 64(8): 688-96.
[PMID: 21719182]
[48]
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000; 283(15): 2008-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008] [PMID: 10789670]
[49]
Barros ZM, de Alencar Ximenes RA, Miranda-Filho DB, et al. Comparison between the Framingham and Prospective Cardiovascular of Münster Scores for Risk assessment of coronary heart disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive patients in Pernambuco, Brazil. Metab Syndr Relat Discord 2010; 8: 489-97.
[50]
Begovac J, Dragović G, Višković K, et al. Comparison of four international cardiovascular disease prediction models and the prevalence of eligibility for lipid lowering therapy in HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Croat Med J 2015; 56(1): 14-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2015.56.14] [PMID: 25727038]
[51]
Calza L, Verucchi G, Pocaterra D, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and ultrasound evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with HIV-1 infection. Int J STD AIDS 2009; 20(10): 683-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2009.008504] [PMID: 19815912]
[52]
Capili B, Anastasi JK, Ogedegbe O. HIV and general cardiovascular risk. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2011; 22(5): 362-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2010.12.002] [PMID: 21277230]
[53]
Cortés YI, Reame N, Zeana C, et al. Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Postmenopausal Minority Women: Use of the Framingham Risk Score. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26(3): 241-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5736] [PMID: 27611626]
[54]
Cioe PA, Crawford SL, Stein MD. Cardiovascular risk-factor knowledge and risk perception among HIV-infected adults. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2014; 25(1): 60-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2013.07.006] [PMID: 24070645]
[55]
De Socio GV, Martinelli L, Morosi S, et al. Is estimated cardiovascular risk higher in HIV-infected patients than in the general population? Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39(9): 805-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540701230884] [PMID: 17701720]
[56]
De Socio GV, Martinelli C, Ricci E, et al. HERMES study group. Relations between cardiovascular risk estimates and subclinical atherosclerosis in naive HIV patients: results from the HERMES study. Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21(4): 267-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2009.009165] [PMID: 20378899]
[57]
Del Pino P, León-Amenero G, Leiva-Montejo A, Segura ER. Concordancia entre las escalas de riesgo cardiovascular PROCAM y Framingham en varones que reciben tratamiento antirretroviral en un hospital nacional de Lima, Perú 2013. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2015; 32: 731-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2015.324.1765]
[58]
Edward AO, Oladayo AA, Omolola AS, Adetiloye AA, Adedayo PA. Prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and evaluation of cardiovascular risk using three risk equations in nigerians living with human immunodeficiency virus. N Am J Med Sci 2013; 5(12): 680-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.123251] [PMID: 24404550]
[59]
Estrada V, Bernardino JI, Masiá M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and lifetime risk estimation in HIV-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment in Spain. HIV Clin Trials 2015; 16(2): 57-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1528433614Z.0000000008] [PMID: 25874992]
[60]
Falcone EL, Mangili A, Skinner S, Alam A, Polak JF, Wanke CA. Framingham risk score and early markers of atherosclerosis in a cohort of adults infected with HIV. Antivir Ther (Lond) 2011; 16(1): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP1682] [PMID: 21311103]
[61]
Gagliardini R, Fabbiani M, Colafigli M, et al. Lipid-lowering effect and changes in estimated cardiovascular risk after switching to a tenofovir-containing regimen for the treatment of HIV-infected patients. J Chemother 2017; 29(5): 299-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1120009X.2016.1269040] [PMID: 28019192]
[62]
Guo F, Hsieh E, Lv W, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese antiretroviral-naïve adults with advanced HIV disease. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17(1): 287-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2358-0] [PMID: 28427339]
[63]
Herrera S, Guelar A, Sorlì L, et al. The Framingham function overestimates the risk of ischemic heart disease in HIV-infected patients from Barcelona. HIV Clin Trials 2016; 17(4): 131-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15284336.2016.1177266] [PMID: 27169692]
[64]
Kazooba P, Kasamba I, Mayanja BN, et al. Cardiometabolic risk among HIV-POSITIVE Ugandan adults: prevalence, predictors and effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27: 40-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.27.40.9840] [PMID: 28761616]
[65]
Kim SB, Kim YC, Kim MH, et al. A comparison of the predicted risk for cardiovascular disease between HIV-infected and uninfected persons in Korea. Scand J Infect Dis 2013; 45(11): 855-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2013.813064] [PMID: 23968223]
[66]
Krikke M, Hoogeveen RC, Hoepelman AIM, Visseren FLJ, Arends JE. Cardiovascular risk prediction in HIV-infected patients: Comparing the Framingham, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score (ASCVD), Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation for the Netherlands (SCORE-NL) and Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) risk prediction models. HIV Med 2016; 17(4): 289-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12300] [PMID: 26268806]
[67]
Knobel H, Jericó C, Montero M, et al. Global cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV infection: concordance and differences in estimates according to three risk equations (Framingham, SCORE, and PROCAM). AIDS Patient Care STDS 2007; 21(7): 452-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2006.0165] [PMID: 17651026]
[68]
Lake JE, Wohl D, Scherzer R, et al. Regional fat deposition and cardiovascular risk in HIV infection: the FRAM study. AIDS Care 2011; 23(8): 929-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.543885] [PMID: 21767228]
[69]
Mashinya F, Alberts M. Van geertruyden JP, Colebunders R. Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in people with HIV infection treated with ART in rural South Africa: a cross sectional study. AIDS Res Ther 2015; 12: 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12981-015-0083-6]
[70]
Mee TC, Aepfelbacher J, Krakora R, et al. Carotid magnetic resonance imaging in persons living with HIV and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score. Antivir Ther (Lond) 2018; 23(8): 695-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP3258] [PMID: 30088806]
[71]
Monroe AK, Haberlen SA, Post WS, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk scores’ relationship to subclinical cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men. AIDS 2016; 30(13): 2075-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001163] [PMID: 27203714]
[72]
Monteiro VS, Lacerda HR, Uellendahl M, et al. Calcium score in the evaluation of atherosclerosis in patients with HIV/AIDS. Arq Bras Cardiol 2011; 97(5): 427-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000094] [PMID: 21971633]
[73]
Mooney S, Tracy R, Osler T, Grace C. Elevated biomarkers of Inflammation and coagulation in patients with HIV are associated with higher Framingham and VACS Risk Index Scores. PLoS One 2015; 10(12):e0144312
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144312] [PMID: 26641655]
[74]
Moreira Guimarães MM, Bartolomeu Greco D, Ingles Garces AH, de Oliveira AR Jr, Bastos Fóscolo R, de Campos Machado LJ. Coronary heart disease risk assessment in HIV-infected patients: a comparison of Framingham, PROCAM and SCORE risk assessment functions. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64(6): 739-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02248.x] [PMID: 20518949]
[75]
Mosepele M, Hemphill LC, Palai T, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk prediction by the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk score among HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 2017; 12(2):e0172897
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172897] [PMID: 28235058]
[76]
Muyanja D, Muzoora C, Muyingo A, Muyindike W, Siedner MJ. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk among people with HIV on stable ART in Southwestern Uganda. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30(1): 4-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2015.0213] [PMID: 26683587]
[77]
Nery MW, Turchi Martelli CM, Silveira EA, et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment: A comparison of the Framingham, PROCAM, and DAD equations in HIV-Infected persons. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:969281
[http://dx.doi.org/doi:0.1155/2013/969281]
[78]
Noumegni SR, Ama VJM, Assah FK, et al. Assessment of the agreement between the Framingham and DAD risk equations for estimating cardiovascular risk in adult Africans living with HIV infection: a cross-sectional study. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2017; 3: 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40794-017-0055-z] [PMID: 28883982]
[79]
Osegbe ID, Dada A, Soriyan O. Framingham Risk Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome Patients at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria. African J Med Health Science 2017; 16: 89-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ajmhs.ajmhs_35_17]
[80]
Parra S, Coll B, Aragonés G, et al. Nonconcordance between subclinical atherosclerosis and the calculated Framingham risk score in HIV-infected patients: relationships with serum markers of oxidation and inflammation. HIV Med 2010; 11(4): 225-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00766.x] [PMID: 19845792]
[81]
Pinto Neto LF, Rezende Dias F, Feres Bressan F, et al. Comparison of the ACC/AHA and Framingham algorithms to assess cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21(6): 577-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.06.007]
[82]
Pirš M, Jug B, Eržen B, et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment in HIV-infected male patients: a comparison of Framingham, SCORE, PROCAM and DAD risk equations. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2014; 23(3): 43-7.
[PMID: 25242159]
[83]
Reinsch N, Neuhaus K, Esser S, et al. German Competence Network Heart Failure; German Competence Network for HIV/AIDS. Are HIV patients undertreated? Cardiovascular risk factors in HIV: results of the HIV-HEART study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 19(2): 267-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741826711398431] [PMID: 21450595]
[84]
Silva EF, Bassichetto KC, Lewi DS. Lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in a group of AIDS patients. Arq Bras Cardiol 2009; 93(2): 113-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2009000800008] [PMID: 19838487]
[85]
Serrano-Villar S, Estrada V, Gómez-Garre D, et al. Diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients: higher accuracy of the D:A:D risk equation over Framingham and SCORE algorithms. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 21(6): 739-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487312452964] [PMID: 22718798]
[86]
van Zoest RA, van der Valk M, Wit FW, et al. AGEhIV Cohort Study Group. Suboptimal primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention in HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24(12): 1297-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487317714350] [PMID: 28578613]
[87]
Zhou DT, Kodogo V, Chokuona KFV, et al. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk profiles of patients attending an HIV treatment clinic in Harare Zimbabwe HIV/AIDS– Research and Pal Care 2015 2015; 7: 145-55.
[88]
Feinstein MJ, Hsue PY, Benjamin LA, et al. Characteristics, Prevention, and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in People Living With HIV: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 140(2): e98-e124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000695] [PMID: 31154814]
[89]
Triant VA, Perez J, Regan S, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Functions Underestimate Risk in HIV Infection. Circulation 2018; 137(21): 2203-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028975] [PMID: 29444987]
[90]
Gutierrez J, Albuquerque ALA, Falzon L. HIV infection as vascular risk: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12(5)e0176686
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176686] [PMID: 28493892]
[91]
Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Tonstad S. Elevated Framingham risk score in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23(8): 625-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-004-1177-6] [PMID: 15322938]
[92]
Raggi P, De Francesco D, Manicardi M, et al. Prediction of hard cardiovascular events in HIV patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71(12): 3515-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw346] [PMID: 27591294]
[93]
Dhillon S, Sabin CA, Alagaratnam J, et al. Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty (POPPY) study. Level of agreement between frequently used cardiovascular risk calculators in people living with HIV. HIV Med 2019; 20(5): 347-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12731] [PMID: 30873751]
[94]
Danel C, Moh R, Gabillard D, et al. TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 Study Group. A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa. N Engl J Med 2015; 373(9): 808-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1507198] [PMID: 26193126]
[95]
Emery S, Neuhaus JA, Phillips AN, et al. Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group. Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study. J Infect Dis 2008; 197(8): 1133-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/586713] [PMID: 18476292]
[96]
Cahn P, Leite O, Rosales A, et al. Metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk factors among Latin American HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. Braz J Infect Dis 2010; 14(2): 158-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1413-8670(10)70030-1] [PMID: 20563442]
[97]
Shen Y, Wang J, Wang Z, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia among Antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected individuals in China Medicine 2015 2015; 94: e2201
[98]
Rasmussen LD, Helleberg M, May MT, et al. Myocardial infarction among Danish HIV-infected individuals: population-attributable fractions associated with smoking. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60(9): 1415-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ013] [PMID: 25595744]
[99]
Keto J, Ventola H, Jokelainen J, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in relation to smoking behaviour and history: A population-based cohort study. Open Heart 2016; 3(2)e000358
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2015-000358] [PMID: 27493759]
[100]
Ryom L, Boesecke C, Gisler V, et al. EACS Governing Board. Essentials from the 2015 European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines for the treatment of adult HIV-positive persons. HIV Med 2016; 17(2): 83-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12322] [PMID: 26548563]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
85
2
World Immunization Week
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy