Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Psychopharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2211-5560
ISSN (Online): 2211-5579

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

An Insight on the Association of Psychological Studies, Cognitive Sciences and Meditation in Treating Depression

Author(s): Rashmi S. Pal*, Nikita Saraswat, Pranay Wal, Ankita Wal, Yogendra Pal and Tamsheel F. Roohi

Volume 8, Issue 3, 2019

Page: [177 - 193] Pages: 17

DOI: 10.2174/2211556008666191019142247

Abstract

Background: Depression is the neuropsychiatric disorder that can lead to the disruption of brain nerves by elevating different mechanisms and neurotransmitters such as serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine. It can have a series of episodic events that can cross one episodic depression to another and manifest various symptoms such as agitation, melancholia, deep sadness, psychomotor retardation, mood swings and suicidal deaths.

Objective: This paper gives information about the various factors such as psychological, genetic, biological and environmental factors that play a vital role in the pathogenesis of depression and its associated symptoms. In spite of usage of antidepressant drugs, many clinicians and physicians follow other therapies and interventions or certain medications such as psychological studies, cognitive sciences, and meditation and yoga that help in the ailment of depression.

Methods: The data was collected by studying combination of research and review papers from different databases like PubMed, Medline, and Web of science by using search keywords like “depression”, “cognitive sciences”, “meditation”, “yoga”, “psychotherapies”, “mindfulness activities”, “factors associated with depression and its episodes”.

Result: It was found that besides the use of antidepressants, a considerable number of studies and researches on therapies exhibit the examined effects of different psychotherapies, psychological studies, cognitive sciences and yoga-based interventions show potential effects in the ailments of depression and its associated symptoms.

Conclusion: Based on this paper, we have concluded that with the use of psychotherapies such as interpersonal therapy, problem-solving therapy, MBCT, MBSR, DBT, ACT, yoga and its different techniques are more effective than other medication therapies.

Keywords: Cognitive sciences, depression, mindfulness activities, psychological factors, psychological studies, treatment, yoga.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51(1): 8-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002] [PMID: 8279933]
[2]
Robins L, Regier D. Psychiatric Disorders in America. New York: Free Press 2004.
[3]
Depression Guideline Panel. Depression in primary care: detection, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 1994; 6(5): 224-38.
[4]
Conti CL, da Silva-Conforti AM. A brief review on epigenetic aspects involved in depression. Biol Med 2016; 8(5): 1.
[5]
Elder GH Jr. Children of the Great Depression: Social change in life experience. Colorado: Westview Press 1999.
[6]
Tang X, Tang Z, Zu Y, Fang W, Chen Q. A randomized controlled clinical trial on the treatment of type 2 diabetes with depression by Wu Ling Capsule. J Clin Trials 2016; 6: 273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0870.1000273]
[7]
Morgan D. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. Psychother Res 2003; 13(1): 123-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713869628] [PMID: 22475168]
[8]
Banhato EF, Galil AG, Campos TD, et al. Depression symptoms among patients with multiple chronic conditions. J Depress Anxiety 2016; 5: 230.
[9]
Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134: 382-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.134.4.382] [PMID: 444788]
[10]
Iqbal MZ. un Awan SN. Case study of major depression. J Med Diagn Meth 2016; 5: 214.
[11]
Patrick DL, Ferketich SL, Frame PS, et al. National institutes of health state-of-the-science conference statement: symptom management in cancer: pain, depression, and fatigue. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95(15): 1110-7.
[12]
Katon W. The epidemiology of depression in medical care. Int J Psychiatry Med 1987; 17(1): 93-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/XE8W-GLCJ-KEM6-39FH] [PMID: 3294691]
[13]
Judd LL. The clinical course of unipolar major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psy 1997; 54(11): 989-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230015002]
[14]
Brown GL, Ebert MH, Goyer PF, et al. Aggression, suicide, and serotonin: relationships to CSF amine metabolites. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139(6): 741-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.6.741] [PMID: 6177256]
[15]
Rush AJ. The varied clinical presentations of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68(Suppl. 8): 4-10.
[PMID: 17640152]
[16]
National Institute of Mental Health. Depression. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services 2000. reprinted September 2002
[17]
Diehl DJ, Gershon S. The role of dopamine in mood disorders. Compr Psychiatry 1992; 33(2): 115-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(92)90007-D] [PMID: 1347497]
[18]
Stockmeier CA. Neurobiology of serotonin in depression and suicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 836: 220-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52362.x] [PMID: 9616801]
[19]
Van Praag HM. Depression, suicide and the metabolism of serotonin in the brain. J Affect Disord 1982; 4(4): 275-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(82)90025-8] [PMID: 6186712]
[20]
Song F, Freemantle N, Sheldon TA, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: meta-analysis of efficacy and acceptability. BMJ 1993; 306(6879): 683-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6879.683] [PMID: 8471919]
[21]
Carney RM, Freedland KE. Depression, mortality, and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease Biol psy 2003; 54(3): 24
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00111-2]
[22]
Krishnan KR. Biological risk factors in late life depression. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52(3): 185-92.
[23]
Dhar AK, Barton DA. Depression and the link with cardiovascular disease. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7: 33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00033]
[24]
Li C, Ford ES, Strine TW, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of depression among U.S. adults with diabetes: findings from the 2006 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(1): 105-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1154] [PMID: 17934145]
[25]
Golden SH, Lazo M, Carnethon M, et al. Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes. JAMA 2008; 299(23): 2751-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.23.2751] [PMID: 18560002]
[26]
Maraldi C, Volpato S, Penninx BW, et al. Diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, and incident depressive symptoms among 70 to 79-year-old persons: the health, aging, and body composition study. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167(11): 1137-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.11.1137] [PMID: 17563021]
[27]
Beekman AT, de Beurs E, van Balkom AJ, Deeg DJ, van Dyck R, van Tilburg W. Anxiety and depression in later life: Co-occurrence and communality of risk factors. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(1): 89-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.157.1.89] [PMID: 10618018]
[28]
Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Shear MK, et al. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed elderly patients. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(5): 722-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.722] [PMID: 10784464]
[29]
Park JH, Lee SB, Lee TJ, et al. Depression in vascular dementia is quantitatively and qualitatively different from depression in Alzheimer’s disease Dementia and Geriat cognit disord 2007; 23(2): 67-73
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000097039]
[30]
Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp. Psychiatry 2005; 76(Suppl. I): i48-52.
[31]
Krishnan KR, Delong M, Kraemer H, et al. Comorbidity of depression with other medical diseases in the elderly. Biol psychiatry 2002 Sep 15; 52(6): 559-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01472-5] [PMID: 12361669]
[32]
Lichstein KL, Stone KC, Nau SD, McCrae CS, Payne KL. Insomnia in the elderly. Sleep Med Clin 2009; 1: 221-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2006.04.009]
[33]
Manber R, Edinger JD, Gress JL, San Pedro-Salcedo MG, Kuo TF, Kalista T. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia enhances depression outcome in pa-tients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia. Sleep 2008; 31(4): 489-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.4.489] [PMID: 18457236]
[34]
Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Liu J, Swartz M, Blazer DG. Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1996; 168(30): 17-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/S0007125000298371] [PMID: 8864145]
[35]
Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS, Manderscheid RW, Locke BZ, Goodwin FK. The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system: epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services Arch Gen Psy 1993; 50(2): 85
[36]
Pincus HA, Tanielian TL, Marcus SC, et al. Prescribing trends in psychotropic medications: primary care, psychiatry, and other medical specialties. JAMA 1998; 279(7): 526-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.7.526] [PMID: 9480363]
[37]
Simon GE, VonKorff M. Recognition, management, and outcomes of depression in primary care. Arch Fam Med 1995; 4(2): 99-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfami.4.2.99] [PMID: 7842160]
[38]
Klinkman MS. Competing demands in psychosocial care. A model for the identification and treatment of depressive disorders in primary care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997; 19(2): 98-111.
[39]
Borowsky SJ, Rubenstein LV, Meredith LS, Camp P, Jackson-Triche M, Wells KB. Who is at risk of non-detection of mental health problems in primary care? J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15(6): 381-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.12088.x] [PMID: 10886472]
[40]
Houston TP, Elster AB, Davis RM, Deitchman SD. The US preventive services task force guide to clinical preventive Services, AMA Council on scientific affairs. Am J Prev Med 1998; 14(4): 374.
[41]
Rice F, Harold G, Thapar A. The genetic aetiology of childhood depression: a review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002; 43(1): 65-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00004] [PMID: 11848337]
[42]
Goodman SH, Gotlib IH. Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: a developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychol Rev 1999; 106(3): 458-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458] [PMID: 10467895]
[43]
Hammen C, Brennan PA. Severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depression and risk for adolescent offspring diagnoses in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(3): 253-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.253] [PMID: 12622658]
[44]
Howland RH. General health, health care utilization, and medical comorbidity in dysthymia. Int J Psychiatry Med 1993; 23(3): 211-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/AXCU-P704-23XQ-CQTR] [PMID: 8270354]
[45]
Thapar A, Rice F. Twin studies in pediatric depression. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2006; 15(4): 869-881 viii.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2006.05.007] [PMID: 16952765]
[46]
Cooper-Patrick L, Crum RM, Ford DE. Characteristics of patients with major depression who received care in general medical and specialty mental health settings. Med Care 1994; 32(1): 15-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199401000-00002] [PMID: 8277799]
[47]
Paykel ES, Priest RG. Recognition and management of depression in general practice: consensus statement. BMJ 1992; 305(6863): 1198-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6863.1198] [PMID: 1467723]
[48]
Simon GE, VonKorff M, Durham ML. Predictors of outpatient mental health utilization by primary care patients in a health maintenance organization. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151(6): 908-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.6.908] [PMID: 8185002]
[49]
Feightner JW, Worrall G. Early detection of depression by primary care physicians. CMAJ 1990; 142(11): 1215-20.
[50]
Arthur A, Jagger C, Lindesay J, Graham C, Clarke M. Using an annual over-75 health check to screen for depression: validation of the short Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS15) within general practice. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 14(6): 431-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199906)14:6<431:AID-GPS937>3.0.CO;2-I] [PMID: 10398352]
[51]
Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, Van Limbeek J, Braam AW, De Vries MZ, Van Tilburg W. Criterion validity of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample of older subjects in the Netherlands. Psychol Med 1997; 27(1): 231-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796003510] [PMID: 9122304]
[52]
Pletscher A. The discovery of antidepressants: a winding path. Experientia 1991; 47(1): 4-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041242] [PMID: 1999242]
[53]
Thase ME. Are SNRIs more effective than SSRIs? A review of the current state of the controversy. Psychopharmacol Bull 2008; 41(2): 58-85.
[PMID: 18668017]
[54]
Fagius J, Osterman PO, Sidén A, Wiholm BE. Guillain-Barré syndrome following zimeldine treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48(1): 65-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.48.1.65] [PMID: 3156214]
[55]
Barden N. Implication of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the physiopathology of depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004; 29(3): 185-93.
[PMID: 15173895]
[56]
Regestein QR, Rose LI, Williams GH. Psychopathology in Cushing’s syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1972; 130(1): 114-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1972.03650010100019] [PMID: 5035975]
[57]
Holsboer-Trachsler E, Stohler R, Hatzinger M. Repeated administration of the combined dexame-thasone-human corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation test during treatment of depression. Psychiatry Res 1991; 38(2): 163-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(91)90041-M] [PMID: 1661430]
[58]
Leung KK, Lue BH, Lee MB, Tang LY. Screening of depression in patients with chronic medical diseases in a primary care setting. Fam Pract 1998; 15(1): 67-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/15.1.67] [PMID: 9527300]
[59]
Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Roberts RE, Allen NB. Center for Epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychol Aging 1997; 12(2): 277-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.277] [PMID: 9189988]
[60]
Lustman PJ, Clouse RE, Griffith LS, Carney RM, Freedland KE. Screening for depression in diabetes using the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychosom Med 1997; 59(1): 24-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199701000-00004] [PMID: 9021863]
[61]
Lyness JM, Noel TK, Cox C, King DA, Conwell Y, Caine ED. Screening for depression in elderly primary care patients. A comparison of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale and the geriatric depression scale. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157(4): 449-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1997.00440250107012] [PMID: 9046897]
[62]
Hanh TN. The miracle of mindfulness: an introduction to the practice of meditation. Boston: Beacon Press 2016.
[63]
Hayes AM, Feldman G. Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2004; 11(3): 255-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph080]
[64]
Kabat-Zinn J. Full catastrophe living: how to cope with stress, pain and illness using mindfulness meditation. New York: Bantam Dell 1990.
[65]
Germer CK, Siegel RD, Fulton PR. Mindfulness and psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press 2005.
[66]
Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2003; 10(2): 125-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015]
[67]
Anand BK, Chhina GS, Singh B. Some aspects of electroencephalographic studies in yogis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1961; 13(3): 452-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(61)90015-3]
[68]
Bagchi BK, Wenger MA. Electrophysiological correlates of some yogi exercises. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1957; 7: 132-49.
[69]
Wallace RK. Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science 1970; 167(3926): 1751-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3926.1751] [PMID: 5416544]
[70]
Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press 2002.
[71]
Linehan MM. Cognitive behavioural therapy of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford 1993.
[72]
Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. Acceptance and commitment therapy: the process and practice of mindful change. New York: Guilford Press 2011.
[73]
Hunsley J, Lee CM. informed benchmarks for psychological treatments: efficacy studies, effectiveness studies, and beyond. Prof Psychol Res Pr 2007; 38(1): 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.1.21]
[74]
Karasu TB, Gelenberg A, Merriam A, Wang P. Treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders Compendium 2000; pp. 413-95.
[75]
National Institute for Clinical Excellence Depression. Management of depression in primary and secondary care National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 23. UK: National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health 2004.
[76]
Social styrelsen.In: Nationella riktlinjer förvård vid depression ochngestsyndrom 2010 - Stödför styrning och ledning. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen 2010.
[77]
Segal ZV, Whitney DK, Lam RW. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders Can J of psychiatry Revue Canadienne de psychiatrie 2001; 46: 29S-37
[78]
Scogin F, Welsh D, Hanson A, Stump J, Coates A. Evidence based psychotherapies for depression in older adults. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2005; 12(3): 222-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpi033]
[79]
Cuijpers P, Van Straten A, Warmerdam L, Smits N. Characteristics of effective psychological treatments of depression: a metaregression analysis. Psychother Res 2008; 18(2): 225-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503300701442027] [PMID: 18815968]
[80]
Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Smit F. Psychological treatment of late life depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21(12): 1139-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1620] [PMID: 16955421]
[81]
Lumley J, Austin MP, Mitchell C. Intervening to reduce depression after birth: a systematic review of the randomized trials. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2004; 20(2): 128-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266462304000911] [PMID: 15209173]
[82]
Mohr DC, Goodkin DE. Treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis: review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 1999; 6: 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.6.1.1]
[83]
Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House AO. Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (3): CD003437
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003437.pub3] [PMID: 15266484]
[84]
Sheard T, Maguire P. The effect of psychological interventions on anxiety and depression in cancer patients: results of two meta analyses. Br J Cancer 1999; 80(11): 1770-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690596] [PMID: 10468295]
[85]
Gloaguen V, Cottraux J, Cucherat M, Blackburn IM. A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1998; 49(1): 59-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00199-7] [PMID: 9574861]
[86]
Churchill R, Hunot V, Corney R, et al. A systematic review of controlled trials of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of brief psychological treatments for depression. Health Technol Assess 2001; 5(35): 1-173.
[PMID: 12387733]
[87]
Wampold BE, Minami T, Baskin TW, Callen Tierney S. A meta-(re)analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy versus ‘other therapies’ for depression. J Affect Disord 2002; 68(2-3): 159-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00287-1] [PMID: 12063144]
[88]
Robinson LA, Berman JS, Neimeyer RA. Psychotherapy for the treatment of depression: a comprehensive review of controlled outcome research. Psychol Bull 1990; 108(1): 30-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.30] [PMID: 2200072]
[89]
Friedman MA, Detweiler-Bedell JB, Leventhal HE, Horne R, Keitner GI, Miller IW. Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2004; 11: 47-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph052]
[90]
Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupelnick B, Mu-nizza C. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61(7): 714-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.714] [PMID: 15237083]
[91]
Karen S. Calhoun Clinical and theoretical aspects of depression. New York: Wiley 1974.
[92]
Kelly KG, Zisselman M. Update on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48(5): 560-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb05005.x] [PMID: 10811552]
[93]
Endler NS. The Origins of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). Convuls Ther 1988; 4(1): 5-23.
[PMID: 11940939]
[94]
Payne NA, Prudic J. Electroconvulsive therapy: part I. A perspective on the evolution and current practice of ECT. J Psychiatr Pract 2009; 15(5): 346-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000361277.65468.ef] [PMID: 19820553]
[95]
Lisanby SH, Bazil CW, Resor SR, Nobler MS, Finck DA, Sackeim HA. ECT in the treatment of status epilepticus. J ECT 2001; 17(3): 210-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00124509-200109000-00013] [PMID: 11528315]
[96]
Sackeim HA. The anticonvulsant hypothesis of the mechanisms of action of ECT: current status. J ECT 1999; 15(1): 5-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00124509-199903000-00003] [PMID: 10189616]
[97]
Sanacora G. Cortical inhibition, gamma amino butyric acid, and major depression: there is plenty of smoke but is there fire? Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67(5): 397-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.003] [PMID: 20159143]
[98]
Zhao J, Bao AM, Qi XR, et al. Gene expression of GABA and glutamate pathway markers in the pre-frontal cortex of non-suicidal elderly depressed patients. J Affect Disord 2012; 138(3): 494-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.013] [PMID: 22357337]
[99]
Pizzagalli DA. Frontocingulate dysfunction in depression: toward biomarkers of treatment response. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36(1): 183-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.166] [PMID: 20861828]
[100]
Kabat-Zinn J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1982; 4(1): 33-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3] [PMID: 7042457]
[101]
Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press 2002.
[102]
Barnhofer T, Crane C, Hargus E, Amarasinghe M, Winder R, Williams JM. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: a preliminary study. Behav Res Ther 2009; 47(5): 366-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.019] [PMID: 19249017]
[103]
Linehan MM. Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press 1993.
[104]
Robins CJ. Zen principles and mindfulness practice in dialectical behavior therapy. Cognit Behav Pract 2002; 9(1): 50-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(02)80040-2]
[105]
Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. Acceptance and commitment therapy: the process and practice of mindful change. New York: Guilford Press 2011.
[106]
Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44(1): 1-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006] [PMID: 16300724]
[107]
Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31(6): 1041-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006] [PMID: 21802619]
[108]
Büssing A, Ostermann T, Lüdtke R, Michalsen A. Effects of yoga interventions on pain and pain-associated disability: a meta-analysis. J Pain 2012; 13(1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.001] [PMID: 22178433]
[109]
Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D. The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010; 78(2): 169-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018555] [PMID: 20350028]
[110]
Kop WJ, Stein PK, Tracy RP, Barzilay JI, Schulz R, Gottdiener JS. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the increased cardiovascular mortality risk associated with depression. Psychosom Med 2010; 72(7): 626-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181eadd2b] [PMID: 20639389]
[111]
Li AW, Goldsmith CA. The effects of yoga on anxiety and stress. Altern Med Rev 2012; 17(1): 21-35.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
48
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy