Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial and antioxidant packaging play an important role in the food industry by ensuring food quality and prolonging the product’s shelf life. Therefore, this scientific survey covers the technological domain in the active food packaging development processes and types of packaging.
Methods: This paper aims to provide a review of patents and scientific publications on active packaging with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in order to show technological advances in this field of knowledge and its applicability in the food industry.
Results: The patent review indicates an increase in the number of documents deposited in recent decades regarding various types of packaging formulations, particularly active packaging to preserve foods and their shelf life. In the last few decades, the scientific publication also includes several studies concerning the development of active food packaging using natural products with antimicrobial and antioxidant proprieties. Overall, the results show the advantages of incorporating natural products into polymer matrices to develop industrial packaging, providing a safe and high-quality food product to the consumer. On the other hand, the review also highlighted lack of cooperation between inventors and companies of active packaging development.
Conclusion: Further study in this regard would help provide data form research and patents on the active food-packaging field as well as economic issues, indicating the global development scenario of this innovative area.
Keywords: Patent, mapping, storage, food industry, food preservation, survey scientific.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Karmaus AL, Osborn R, Krishan M. Scientific advances and challenges in safety evaluation of food packaging materials: Workshop proceedings. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98: 80-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.017]
[2]
Rodríguez-Rojas A, Arango Ospina A, Rodríguez-Vélez P, Arana-Florez P. What is the new about food packaging material? A bibliometric review during 1996-2016. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019; 85: 252-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.016]
[3]
Yildirim S, Röcker B, Pettersen M, Nilsen-Nygaard J, Ayhan Z, Rutkaite R, et al. Active packaging applications for food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17: 165-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12322]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12322]
[4]
European Commission. 2009. Available at: ec.europa.eu/food/safety/chemical_safety (Accessed on: August 6, 2019).
[5]
Khaneghah AM, Hashemi SMB, Limbo S. Antimicrobial agents and packaging systems in antimicrobial active food packaging: an overview of approaches and interactions. Food Bioprod Process 2018; 111: 1-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2018.05.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2018.05.001]
[6]
Lloyd K, Mirosa M, Birch J. Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2019; pp. 177-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22421-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22421-9]
[7]
Vilela C, Kurek M, Hayouka Z, Röcker B, Yildirim S, Antunes MDC, et al. A concise guide to active agents for active food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 80: 212-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.08.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.08.006]
[8]
Arroyo BJ, Santos AP, Melo EA, Campos A, Lins L, Boyano-Orozco LC. Bioactive compounds health benefits and potential applications. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing 2019; pp. 143-56.
[9]
Geueke B, Groh K, Muncke J. Food packaging in the circular economy: overview of chemical safety aspects for commonly used materials. J Clean Prod 2018; 193: 491-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.005]
[10]
Villa TG, Feijoo-Siota L, Rama JLR, Sánchez-Pérez A, Miguel-Bouzas T. Antimicrobial food packaging. Cambridge: Academic Press 2016; pp. 11-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800723-5.00002-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800723-5.00002-4]
[11]
Hellström A, Nilsson S, Andersson M, Håkanson U. Intellectual property for generating value for start-up companies in key enabling technologies. Biotechnol Res Innovat 2019; 3: 80-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2019.01.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2019.01.001]
[12]
Apel I, Farre-Mensa J, Simintzi E. Patent trolls and startup employment. J Financ Econ 2019; 133: 708-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.01.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.01.003]
[13]
Aznar-Sánchez JA, Velasco-Muñoz JF, Belmonte-Ureña LJ, Manzano-Agugliaro F. Innovation and technology for sustainable mining activity: a worldwide research assessment. J Clean Prod 2019; 221: 38-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.243]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.243]
[14]
Cavalheiro GMC, Toda FA, Brandão M. A patent portfolio assessment of a Brazilian research university: the case of Universidade Federal Fluminense. J High Technol Manage Res 2019; 30: 91-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2019.01.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2019.01.001]
[15]
Ivanković A, Zeljko K, Talić S, Bevanda AM, Lasić M. Biodegradable packaging in the food industry. Arch Lebensmittelhyg 2017; 68: 26-38.
[16]
Huang T, Qian Y, Wei J, Zhou C. Polymeric antimicrobial food packaging and its applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11: 560.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030560]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030560]
[17]
Dilkes-Hoffman LS, Lane JL, Grant T, Pratt S, Lant PA, Laycock B. Environmental impact of biodegradable food packaging when considering food waste. J Clean Prod 2018; 180: 325-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.169]
[18]
Vitale G, Mosna D, Bottani E, Monatanari R, Vignali G. Environmental impact of a new industrial process for the recovery and valorisation of packaging materials derived from packaged food waste. Sustain Prod Consumpt 2018; 14: 105-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.02.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.02.001]
[19]
Campi M, Dueñas M. Intellectual property rights, trade agreements, and international trade. Res Policy 2019; 48: 531-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.09.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.09.011]
[20]
Kim YJ, Fealing KH, Klochikhin E. Patenting activity in the food safety sector. World Pat Inf 2018; 55: 27-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2018.08.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2018.08.005]
[21]
Niaounakis M. Recycling of biopolymers - The patent perspective. Eur Polym J 2019; 114: 464-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.027]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.027]
[22]
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization). IP Statistics Data Center
www.wipo.int
(Accessed on: May 13, 2018).
[23]
Popović SZ, Lazić VL, Hromiš NM, Šuput DZ, Bulut SN. Biopolymers for Food Design. Cambridge: Academic Press 2018; pp. 223-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811449-0.00008-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811449-0.00008-6]
[24]
Allaoui S, Bourgault M, Pellerin R. Business transformation frameworks: comparison and industrial adaptation. J Enterp Transforma In press
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19488289.2019.1571538]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19488289.2019.1571538]
[25]
Caetano KS, Lopes NA, Costa TMH, Brandellia A, Rodrigues E, Flôres HS, et al. Characterization of active biodegradable films based on cassava starch and natural compounds. Food Packag Shelf Life 2018; 16: 138-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.03.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.03.006]
[26]
Quesada J, Sendra E, Navarro C, Sayas-Barberá E. Antimicrobial active packaging including chitosan films with Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil for ready-to-eat meat. Foods 2016; 5(3): 57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods5030057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods5030057]
[27]
Souza CO, Silva LT, Silva JR, López JA, Veiga-Santos P, Druzian JI. Mango and acerola pulps as antioxidant additives in cassava starch bio-based film. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59: 2248-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf1040405]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf1040405]
[28]
Ribeiro JS, Santos MJMC. Kauly L, Carla L, Pereira L, Santos IA, et al. Natural antioxidants used in meat products: A brief review. Meat Sci 2019; 148: 181-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.10.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.10.016]
[29]
Mir SA, Dar BN, Wani AA, Shah MA. Effect of plant extracts on the techno-functional properties of biodegradable packaging films. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 80: 141-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.08.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.08.004]
[30]
Sharma S, Jaiswal S, Duffy B, Jaiswal AK. Nanostructured materials for food applications: spectroscopy, microscopy and physical properties. Bioengineering 2019; 6: 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6010026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6010026]
[31]
Ashrafi A, Jokar M, Nafchi AM. Preparation and characterization of biocomposite film based on chitosan and kombucha tea as active food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108: 444-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.028]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.028]
[32]
Choi I, Lee SE, Chang Y, Lacroix M, Han J. Effect of oxidized phenolic compounds on cross-linking and properties of biodegradable active packaging film composed of turmeric and gelatin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018; 93: 427-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.065]
[33]
Qiu L, Zhang M, Tang J, Adhikari B, Cao P. Innovative technologies for producing and preserving intermediate moisture foods: A review. Food Res Int 2019; 116: 90-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.055]
[34]
DuPont. Process for modifying the structure and
properties of addition polymer. GB820120. 1959.
[35]
World Intellectual Property Indicators 2018. WIPO. Available at:
www.wipo.int/publications (Accessed on: May 28, 2019).
[36]
Lupu M, Papariello L, Alentorn R, Baycroft M, List J. The WPI patent test collection. World Pat Inf 2019; 56: 78-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2019.02.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2019.02.002]
[37]
Wyrwa J, Barska A. Innovations in the food packaging market: active packaging. Eur Food Res Technol 2017; 243: 1681-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-017-2878-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-017-2878-2]
[38]
Huang J, Cai X, Huang S, Tian S, Lei H. Technological factors and total factor productivity in China: evidence based on a panel threshold model. China Econ Rev 2019; 54: 271-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2018.12.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2018.12.001]
[39]
Alonso-Martínez D. Social progress and international patent collaboration. Technol Forecast Soc Change 2018; 134: 169-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.001]
[40]
Bossink B. The influence of knowledge flow on sustainable innovation in a project-based industry: from demonstration to limited adoption of eco-innovations. J Clean Prod 2018; 193: 249-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.063]
[41]
Ren M, Manning S, Vavilov S. Does state ownership really matter? The dynamic alignment of China’s resource environment and firm internationalization strategies. J Int Manage In press
[42]
Singhai S. A report on WIPO-CNIPA training course on management and commercialization of intellectual property assets. World Pat Inf 2019; 57: 35-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2019.03.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2019.03.007]
[43]
Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem Rev 2019; 18: 241-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9591-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9591-z]
[44]
Yang S, Fuhua F, Enni LZ, Ke X, Donglin S, Wei L. Active packing material, preparation method and application thereof. CN105800103 2016.
[45]
Graciano Verdugo AZ, Moreno Vasquez MJ, Castillo Yañez FJ, Ocaño Higuera VM, Valenzuela Buitimea EL, Plascencia Jatomea M. Compatibilized plastic
films for antimicrobial and antioxidante activity.
MX2014001285, 2013.
[46]
Graciano RCD, Ribeiro JAT, Macedo AKS, et al. Recent patents applications in red biotechnology: A mini-review. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2019; 13: 170-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666190114150511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666190114150511]
[47]
Irimia AM, Ghiocel IE, Cornelia V. Process and
compositions for preparing polymeric materials with
antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. RO133348 2019.
[48]
Teixeira AAC, Ferreira C. Intellectual property rights and the competitiveness of academic spin-offs. J Innovat Knowl 2018; 4: 154-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2018.12.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2018.12.002]
[49]
La Storia A, Ferrocino I, Torrieri E, et al. A combination of modified atmosphere and antimicrobial packaging to extend the shelf-life of beefsteaks stored at chill temperature. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 158: 186-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.07.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.07.011]
[50]
Higueras L, López-Carballo G, Hernández-Muñoz P, Catalá R, Gavara R. Antimicrobial packaging of chicken fillets based on the release of carvacrol from chitosan/cyclodextrin films. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 188: 53-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.018]
[51]
Perazzo KKNCL, Conceição ACV, Santos JCP, Assis DJ, Souza CO, Druzian JI. Properties and antioxidant action of actives cassava starch films incorporated with green tea and palm oil extracts. PLoS One 2014; 9(9): e105199
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105199]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105199]
[52]
Gallego MG, Gordon MH, Segovia F, Almajano Pablos MP. Gelatine-based antioxidant packaging containing Caesalpinia decapetala and Tara as a coating for ground beef patties. Antioxidants 2016; 5(2): 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox5020010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox5020010]
[53]
Divsalar E, Tajik H, Moradi M, Forough M, Lotfi M, Kuswandi B. Characterization of cellulosic paper coated with chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite containing nisin and its application in packaging of UF cheese. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109: 1311-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.145]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.145]
[54]
Mohan CC, Krishnan RK, Babuskin S, et al. Active compound diffusivity of particle size reduced S. aromaticum and C. cassia fused starch edible films and the shelf life of mutton (Capra aegagrus hircus) meat. Meat Sci 2017; 128: 47-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.02.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.02.001]
[55]
Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Pichardo S, Bermudez JM, et al. Characterisation and antimicrobial activity of active polypropylene films containing oregano essential oil and Allium extract to be used in packaging for meat products. Food Addit Contam Part A 2018; 35: 782-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1422282]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1422282]
[56]
Chen C, Xu Z, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhang Q, Tang Z, et al. Properties, vapour-phase antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of active poly(vinyl alcohol) packaging films incorporated with clove oil. Food Control 2018; 88: 105-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.039]
[57]
Lin L, Gu Y, Cui H. Moringa oil/chitosan nanoparticles embedded gelatin nanofibers for food packaging against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus on cheese. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019; 19: 86-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.12.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.12.005]
[58]
Dong Z, Luo C, Guo Y, Ahmed I, Pavase TR, Lv L, et al. Characterization of new active packaging based on PP/LDPE composite films containing attapulgite loaded with Allium sativum essence oil and its application for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) fillets. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019; 20100320
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100320]
[59]
Nabifarkhani N, Sharifani M, Daraei Garmakhany A, Ganji Moghadam E, Shakeri A. Effect of nano-composite and Thyme oil (Tymus vulgaris L) coating on fruit quality of sweet cherry (Takdaneh Cv) during storage period. Food Sci Nutr 2015; 3: 349-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.226]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.226]
[60]
Pagno CH, de Farias YB, Costa TMH, Rios AO, Flôres SH. Synthesis of biodegradable films with antioxidant properties based on cassava starch containing bixin nanocapsules. J Food Sci Technol 2016; 53: 3197-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2294-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2294-9]
[61]
Kwon SJ, Chang Y, Han J. Oregano essential oil-based natural antimicrobial packaging film to inactivate Salmonella enterica and yeasts/molds in the atmosphere surrounding cherry tomatoes. Food Microbiol 2017; 65: 114-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.004]
[62]
Assis RQ, Lopes SM, Costa TNH, Flôres SH, Rios AO. Active biodegradable cassava starch films incorporated lycopene nanocapsules. Ind Crops Prod 2017; 109: 818-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.043]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.043]
[63]
Kumar S, Shukla A, Baul PP, Mitra A, Halder D. Biodegradable hybrid nanocomposites of chitosan/gelatin and silver nanoparticles for active food packaging applications. Food Packag Shelf Life 2018; 16: 178-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.03.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.03.008]
[64]
Kam WYJ, Mirhosseini H, Abas F, Hussain N, Hedayatnia S, Chong HLF. Antioxidant activity enhancement of biodegradable film as active packaging utilizing crude extract from durian leaf waste. Food Control 2018; 90: 66-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.036]
[65]
Crizel TM, Rios AO, Alves VD, Bandarra N, Moldão-Martins M, Flôres SH. Active food packaging prepared with chitosan and olive pomace. Food Hydrocoll 2018; 74: 139-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.08.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.08.007]
[66]
Mathew S, Snigdha S, Mathew J, Radhakrishman EK. Biodegradable and active nanocomposite pouches reinforced with silver nanoparticles for improved packaging of chicken sausages. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019; 19: 155-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.12.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.12.009]
[67]
Rodríguez-Lafuente A, Nerin C, Batlle R. Active paraffin-based paper packaging for extending the shelf life of cherry tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58: 6780-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf100728n]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf100728n]
[68]
Bai R, Zhang X, Yong H, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu J. Development and characterization of antioxidant active packaging and intelligent Al3+-sensing films based on carboxymethyl chitosan and quercetin. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126: 1074-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.264]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.264]
[69]
Wieczyńska J, Cavoski I. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and sensory features of eugenol, carvacrol and trans-anethole in active packaging for organic ready-to-eat iceberg lettuce. Food Chem 2018; 259: 251-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.137]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.137]
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
17 June, 2024
Advancements in Plant Genetics and Genomics
This thematic issue will highlight cutting-edge innovations and recent patents across the breadth of plant genetics and genomics. Key topics will include advanced breeding techniques, omics-based approaches, gene editing, trait discovery, and translational applications for crop improvement. Renowned researchers from leading institutions worldwide will provide state-of-the-art insights and future perspectives ...read more
Related Books
Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes
Genome Editing in Bacteria (Part 2)
Aromatherapy: The Science of Essential Oils
In Vitro Propagation and Secondary Metabolite Production from Medicinal Plants: Current Trends (Part 2)
Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants
Software and Programming Tools in Pharmaceutical Research
Biotechnology and Drug Development for Targeting Human Diseases
In Vitro Propagation and Secondary Metabolite Production from Medicinal Plants: Current Trends (Part 1)
Molecular and Physiological Insights into Plant Stress Tolerance and Applications in Agriculture- Part 2
Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants
Article Metrics
20
3