Bivalirudin Versus Heparin During Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials

Author(s): Sukhdeep Bhogal, Debabrata Mukherjee, Jayant Bagai, Huu T. Truong, Hemang B. Panchal, Ghulam Murtaza, Mustafa Zaman, Rajesh Sachdeva, Timir K. Paul*

Journal Name: Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets
Formerly Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders

Volume 20 , Issue 1 , 2020

DOI : 10.2174/1871529X19666190626124057

  Journal Home
Become EABM
Become Reviewer

Graphical Abstract:


Abstract:

Introduction: Bivalirudin and heparin are the two most commonly used anticoagulants used during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). The results of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) comparing bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in the era of radial access are controversial, questioning the positive impact of bivalirudin on bleeding. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the results of RCTs comparing the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin versus heparin with or without Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors (GPI).

Methods: This systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA statements for reporting systematic reviews. We searched the National Library of Medicine PubMed, Clinicaltrial.gov and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to include clinical studies comparing bivalirudin with heparin in patients undergoing PCI. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed for the summary.

Findings: Several RCTs and meta-analyses have demonstrated the superiority of bivalirudin over heparin plus routine GPI use in terms of preventing bleeding complications but at the expense of increased risk of ischemic complications such as stent thrombosis. The hypothesis of post- PCI bivalirudin infusion to mitigate the risk of acute stent thrombosis has been tested in various RCTs with conflicting results. In comparison, heparin offers the advantage of having a reversible agent, of lower cost and reduced incidence of ischemic complications.

Conclusion: Bivalirudin demonstrates its superiority over heparin plus GPI with better clinical outcomes in terms of less bleeding complications, thus making it as anticoagulation of choice particularly in patients at high risk of bleeding. Further studies are warranted for head to head comparison of bivalirudin to heparin monotherapy to establish an optimal heparin dosing regimen and post-PCI bivalirudin infusion to affirm its beneficial effect in reducing acute stent thrombosis.

Keywords: Heparin, bivalirudin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, percutaneous coronary intervention, bleeding events, stent thrombosis.

[1]
Subherwal, S.; Peterson, E.D.; Dai, D.; Thomas, L.; Messenger, J.C.; Xian, Y.; Brindis, R.G.; Feldman, D.N.; Senter, S.; Klein, L.W.; Marso, S.P.; Roe, M.T.; Rao, S.V. Temporal trends in and factors associated with bleeding complications among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A report from the National Cardiovascular Data CathPCI Registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2012, 59(21), 1861-1869.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.045] [PMID: 22595404]
[2]
Valgimigli, M.; Frigoli, E.; Leonardi, S.; Rothenbühler, M.; Gagnor, A.; Calabrò, P.; Garducci, S.; Rubartelli, P.; Briguori, C.; Andò, G.; Repetto, A.; Limbruno, U.; Garbo, R.; Sganzerla, P.; Russo, F.; Lupi, A.; Cortese, B.; Ausiello, A.; Ierna, S.; Esposito, G.; Presbitero, P.; Santarelli, A.; Sardella, G.; Varbella, F.; Tresoldi, S.; de Cesare, N.; Rigattieri, S.; Zingarelli, A.; Tosi, P.; van ’t Hof, A.; Boccuzzi, G.; Omerovic, E.; Sabaté, M.; Heg, D.; Jüni, P.; Vranckx, P. Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2015, 373(11), 997-1009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1507854] [PMID: 26324049]
[3]
O’Gara, P.T.; Kushner, F.G.; Ascheim, D.D.; Casey, D.E., Jr; Chung, M.K.; de Lemos, J.A.; Ettinger, S.M.; Fang, J.C.; Fesmire, F.M.; Franklin, B.A.; Granger, C.B.; Krumholz, H.M.; Linderbaum, J.A.; Morrow, D.A.; Newby, L.K.; Ornato, J.P.; Ou, N.; Radford, M.J.; Tamis-Holland, J.E.; Tommaso, C.L.; Tracy, C.M.; Woo, Y.J.; Zhao, D.X. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2013, 61(4), e78-e140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.019] [PMID: 23256914]
[4]
Ndrepepa, G.; Berger, P.B.; Mehilli, J.; Seyfarth, M.; Neumann, F.J.; Schömig, A.; Kastrati, A. Periprocedural bleeding and 1-year outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions: Appropriateness of including bleeding as a component of a quadruple end point. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 51(7), 690-697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.040] [PMID: 18279731]
[5]
Stone, G.W.; McLaurin, B.T.; Cox, D.A.; Bertrand, M.E.; Lincoff, A.M.; Moses, J.W.; White, H.D.; Pocock, S.J.; Ware, J.H.; Feit, F.; Colombo, A.; Aylward, P.E.; Cequier, A.R.; Darius, H.; Desmet, W.; Ebrahimi, R.; Hamon, M.; Rasmussen, L.H.; Rupprecht, H.J.; Hoekstra, J.; Mehran, R.; Ohman, E.M. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 355(21), 2203-2216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa062437] [PMID: 17124018]
[6]
Stone, G.W.; Witzenbichler, B.; Guagliumi, G.; Peruga, J.Z.; Brodie, B.R.; Dudek, D.; Kornowski, R.; Hartmann, F.; Gersh, B.J.; Pocock, S.J.; Dangas, G.; Wong, S.C.; Kirtane, A.J.; Parise, H.; Mehran, R. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 358(21), 2218-2230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708191] [PMID: 18499566]
[7]
Shah, R.; Rogers, K.C.; Ahmed, A.J.; King, B.J.; Rao, S.V. Effect of post-primary percutaneous coronary intervention bivalirudin infusion on acute stent thrombosis: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv., 2016, 9(13), 1313-1320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.03.031] [PMID: 27318846]
[8]
Liberati, A.; Altman, D.G.; Tetzlaff, J.; Mulrow, C.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Ioannidis, J.P.; Clarke, M.; Devereaux, P.J.; Kleijnen, J.; Moher, D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ, 2009, 339, b2700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2700] [PMID: 19622552]
[9]
Zeymer, U.; Rao, S.V.; Montalescot, G. Anticoagulation in coronary intervention. Eur. Heart J., 2016, 37(45), 3376-3385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw061] [PMID: 26946415]
[10]
Lincoff, A.M.; Bittl, J.A.; Kleiman, N.S.; Sarembock, I.J.; Jackman, J.D.; Mehta, S.; Tannenbaum, M.A.; Niederman, A.L.; Bachinsky, W.B.; Tift-Mann, J., III; Parker, H.G.; Kereiakes, D.J.; Harrington, R.A.; Feit, F.; Maierson, E.S.; Chew, D.P.; Topol, E.J. Comparison of bivalirudin versus heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention (the Randomized Evaluation of PCI Linking Angiomax to Reduced Clinical Events [REPLACE]-1 trial). Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93(9), 1092-1096.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.01.033] [PMID: 15110198]
[11]
Briguori, C.; Visconti, G.; Focaccio, A.; Donahue, M.; Golia, B.; Selvetella, L.; Ricciardelli, B. Novel approaches for preventing or limiting events (Naples) III trial: randomized comparison of bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in patients at increased risk of bleeding undergoing transfemoral elective coronary stenting. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv., 2015, 8(3), 414-423.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2014.10.015] [PMID: 25703878]
[12]
Di Nisio, M.; Middeldorp, S.; Büller, H.R. Direct thrombin inhibitors. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 353(10), 1028-1040.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra044440] [PMID: 16148288]
[13]
Rao, S.V.; Ohman, E.M. Anticoagulant therapy for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv., 2010, 3(1), 80-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.109.884478] [PMID: 20160186]
[14]
Bittl, J.A.; Strony, J.; Brinker, J.A.; Ahmed, W.H.; Meckel, C.R.; Chaitman, B.R.; Maraganore, J.; Deutsch, E.; Adelman, B. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995, 333(12), 764-769.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199509213331204] [PMID: 7643883]
[15]
Lincoff, A.M.; Kleiman, N.S.; Kottke-Marchant, K.; Maierson, E.S.; Maresh, K.; Wolski, K.E.; Topol, E.J. Bivalirudin with planned or provisional abciximab versus low-dose heparin and abciximab during percutaneous coronary revascularization: Results of the Comparison of Abciximab Complications with Hirulog for Ischemic Events Trial (CACHET). Am. Heart J., 2002, 143(5), 847-853.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2002.122173] [PMID: 12040347]
[16]
Lincoff, A.M.; Bittl, J.A.; Harrington, R.A.; Feit, F.; Kleiman, N.S.; Jackman, J.D.; Sarembock, I.J.; Cohen, D.J.; Spriggs, D.; Ebrahimi, R.; Keren, G.; Carr, J.; Cohen, E.A.; Betriu, A.; Desmet, W.; Kereiakes, D.J.; Rutsch, W.; Wilcox, R.G.; de Feyter, P.J.; Vahanian, A.; Topol, E.J. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA, 2003, 289(7), 853-863.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.7.853] [PMID: 12588269]
[17]
Gibson, C.M.; Morrow, D.A.; Murphy, S.A.; Palabrica, T.M.; Jennings, L.K.; Stone, P.H.; Lui, H.H.; Bulle, T.; Lakkis, N.; Kovach, R.; Cohen, D.J.; Fish, P.; McCabe, C.H.; Braunwald, E. A randomized trial to evaluate the relative protection against post-percutaneous coronary intervention microvascular dysfunction, ischemia, and inflammation among antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents: the PROTECT-TIMI-30 trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2006, 47(12), 2364-2373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.077] [PMID: 16781360]
[18]
Tavano, D.; Visconti, G.; D’Andrea, D.; Focaccio, A.; Golia, B.; Librera, M.; Caccavale, M.; Ricciarelli, B.; Briguori, C. Comparison of bivalirudin monotherapy versus unfractionated heparin plus tirofiban in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol., 2009, 104(9), 1222-1228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.06.035] [PMID: 19840566]
[19]
Kastrati, A.; Neumann, F.J.; Schulz, S.; Massberg, S.; Byrne, R.A.; Ferenc, M.; Laugwitz, K.L.; Pache, J.; Ott, I.; Hausleiter, J.; Seyfarth, M.; Gick, M.; Antoniucci, D.; Schömig, A.; Berger, P.B.; Mehilli, J. Abciximab and heparin versus bivalirudin for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, 365(21), 1980-1989.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109596] [PMID: 22077909]
[20]
Stone, G.W.; Clayton, T.; Deliargyris, E.N.; Prats, J.; Mehran, R.; Pocock, S.J. Reduction in cardiac mortality with bivalirudin in patients with and without major bleeding: The HORIZONS-AMI trial (Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2014, 63(1), 15-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.027] [PMID: 24140664]
[21]
Zeymer, U.; van ’t Hof, A.; Adgey, J.; Nibbe, L.; Clemmensen, P.; Cavallini, C.; ten Berg, J.; Coste, P.; Huber, K.; Deliargyris, E.N.; Day, J.; Bernstein, D.; Goldstein, P.; Hamm, C.; Steg, P.G. Bivalirudin is superior to heparins alone with bailout GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction transported emergently for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A pre-specified analysis from the EUROMAX trial. Eur. Heart J., 2014, 35(36), 2460-2467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu214] [PMID: 24849104]
[22]
Amsterdam, E.A.; Wenger, N.K.; Brindis, R.G.; Casey, D.E., Jr; Ganiats, T.G.; Holmes, D.R., Jr; Jaffe, A.S.; Jneid, H.; Kelly, R.F.; Kontos, M.C.; Levine, G.N.; Liebson, P.R.; Mukherjee, D.; Peterson, E.D.; Sabatine, M.S.; Smalling, R.W.; Zieman, S.J. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2014, 64(24), e139-e228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.017] [PMID: 25260718]
[23]
Kastrati, A.; Neumann, F.J.; Mehilli, J.; Byrne, R.A.; Iijima, R.; Büttner, H.J.; Khattab, A.A.; Schulz, S.; Blankenship, J.C.; Pache, J.; Minners, J.; Seyfarth, M.; Graf, I.; Skelding, K.A.; Dirschinger, J.; Richardt, G.; Berger, P.B.; Schömig, A. Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359(7), 688-696.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802944] [PMID: 18703471]
[24]
Patti, G.; Pasceri, V.; D’Antonio, L.; D’Ambrosio, A.; Macrì, M.; Dicuonzo, G.; Colonna, G.; Montinaro, A.; Di Sciascio, G. Comparison of safety and efficacy of bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the anti-thrombotic strategy for reduction of myocardial damage during angioplasty-bivalirudin vs heparin study). Am. J. Cardiol., 2012, 110(4), 478-484.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.04.017] [PMID: 22583760]
[25]
Shahzad, A.; Kemp, I.; Mars, C.; Wilson, K.; Roome, C.; Cooper, R.; Andron, M.; Appleby, C.; Fisher, M.; Khand, A.; Kunadian, B.; Mills, J.D.; Morris, J.L.; Morrison, W.L.; Munir, S.; Palmer, N.D.; Perry, R.A.; Ramsdale, D.R.; Velavan, P.; Stables, R.H. Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): An open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2014, 384(9957), 1849-1858.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60924-7] [PMID: 25002178]
[26]
Leonardi, S.; Frigoli, E.; Rothenbühler, M.; Navarese, E.; Calabró, P.; Bellotti, P.; Briguori, C.; Ferlini, M.; Cortese, B.; Lupi, A.; Lerna, S.; Zavallonito-Parenti, D.; Esposito, G.; Tresoldi, S.; Zingarelli, A.; Rigattieri, S.; Palmieri, C.; Liso, A.; Abate, F.; Zimarino, M.; Comeglio, M.; Gabrielli, G.; Chieffo, A.; Brugaletta, S.; Mauro, C.; Van Mieghem, N.M.; Heg, D.; Jüni, P.; Windecker, S.; Valgimigli, M. Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes managed invasively with and without ST elevation (MATRIX): Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 2016, 354, i4935.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4935] [PMID: 27677503]
[27]
Erlinge, D.; Omerovic, E.; Fröbert, O.; Linder, R.; Danielewicz, M.; Hamid, M.; Swahn, E.; Henareh, L.; Wagner, H.; Hårdhammar, P.; Sjögren, I.; Stewart, J.; Grimfjärd, P.; Jensen, J.; Aasa, M.; Robertsson, L.; Lindroos, P.; Haupt, J.; Wikström, H.; Ulvenstam, A.; Bhiladvala, P.; Lindvall, B.; Lundin, A.; Tödt, T.; Ioanes, D.; Råmunddal, T.; Kellerth, T.; Zagozdzon, L.; Götberg, M.; Andersson, J.; Angerås, O.; Östlund, O.; Lagerqvist, B.; Held, C.; Wallentin, L.; Scherstén, F.; Eriksson, P.; Koul, S.; James, S. Bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017, 377(12), 1132-1142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1706443] [PMID: 28844201]
[28]
Karrowni, W.; Vyas, A.; Giacomino, B.; Schweizer, M.; Blevins, A.; Girotra, S.; Horwitz, P.A. Radial versus femoral access for primary percutaneous interventions in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv., 2013, 6(8), 814-823.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2013.04.010] [PMID: 23968700]
[29]
Hamon, M.; Rasmussen, L.H.; Manoukian, S.V.; Cequier, A.; Lincoff, M.A.; Rupprecht, H.J.; Gersh, B.J.; Mann, T.; Bertrand, M.E.; Mehran, R.; Stone, G.W. Choice of arterial access site and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes managed with an early invasive strategy: the ACUITY trial. EuroIntervention, 2009, 5(1), 115-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJV5I1A18] [PMID: 19577992]
[30]
Valgimigli, M.; Gagnor, A.; Calabró, P.; Frigoli, E.; Leonardi, S.; Zaro, T.; Rubartelli, P.; Briguori, C.; Andò, G.; Repetto, A.; Limbruno, U.; Cortese, B.; Sganzerla, P.; Lupi, A.; Galli, M.; Colangelo, S.; Ierna, S.; Ausiello, A.; Presbitero, P.; Sardella, G.; Varbella, F.; Esposito, G.; Santarelli, A.; Tresoldi, S.; Nazzaro, M.; Zingarelli, A.; de Cesare, N.; Rigattieri, S.; Tosi, P.; Palmieri, C.; Brugaletta, S.; Rao, S.V.; Heg, D.; Rothenbühler, M.; Vranckx, P.; Jüni, P. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: A randomised multicentre trial. Lancet, 2015, 385(9986), 2465-2476.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60292-6] [PMID: 25791214]
[31]
Mina, G.S.; Gobrial, G.F.; Modi, K.; Dominic, P. Combined use of bivalirudin and radial access in acute coronary syndromes is not superior to the use of either one separately: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc. Interv., 2016, 9(15), 1523-1531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.05.023] [PMID: 27491601]
[32]
Bagai, J.; Little, B.; Banerjee, S. Association between arterial access site and anticoagulation strategy on major bleeding and mortality: A historical cohort analysis in the Veteran population. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med., 2018, 19(1 Pt B), 95-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2017.06.005] [PMID: 28624360]
[33]
Jovin, I.S.; Shah, R.M.; Patel, D.B.; Rao, S.V.; Baklanov, D.V.; Moussa, I.; Kennedy, K.F.; Secemsky, E.A.; Yeh, R.W.; Kontos, M.C.; Vetrovec, G.W. Outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for st-segment elevation myocardial infarction via radial access anticoagulated with bivalirudin versus heparin: A report from the national cardiovascular data registry. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv., 2017, 10(11), 1102-1111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.03.021] [PMID: 28527778]
[34]
O’Gara, P.T.; Kushner, F.G.; Ascheim, D.D.; Casey, D.E., Jr; Chung, M.K.; de Lemos, J.A.; Ettinger, S.M.; Fang, J.C.; Fesmire, F.M.; Franklin, B.A.; Granger, C.B.; Krumholz, H.M.; Linderbaum, J.A.; Morrow, D.A.; Newby, L.K.; Ornato, J.P.; Ou, N.; Radford, M.J.; Tamis-Holland, J.E.; Tommaso, C.L.; Tracy, C.M.; Woo, Y.J.; Zhao, D.X.; Anderson, J.L.; Jacobs, A.K.; Halperin, J.L.; Albert, N.M.; Brindis, R.G.; Creager, M.A.; DeMets, D.; Guyton, R.A.; Hochman, J.S.; Kovacs, R.J.; Kushner, F.G.; Ohman, E.M.; Stevenson, W.G.; Yancy, C.W. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A report of the american college of cardiology foundation/american heart association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation, 2013, 127(4), e362-e425.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742c84] [PMID: 23247304]
[35]
Shah, R.; Rogers, K.C.; Matin, K.; Askari, R.; Rao, S.V. An updated comprehensive meta-analysis of bivalirudin vs heparin use in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. Heart J., 2016, 171(1), 14-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2015.10.006] [PMID: 26699596]
[36]
Secemsky, E.A.; Kirtane, A.; Bangalore, S.; Jovin, I.S.; Shah, R.M.; Ferro, E.G.; Wimmer, N.J.; Roe, M.; Dai, D.; Mauri, L.; Yeh, R.W. Use and effectiveness of bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin for percutaneous coronary intervention among patients with st-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the united states. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv., 2016, 9(23), 2376-2386.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.09.020] [PMID: 27838271]
[37]
Van De Car, D.A.; Rao, S.V.; Ohman, E.M. Bivalirudin: A review of the pharmacology and clinical application. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2010, 8(12), 1673-1681.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erc.10.158] [PMID: 21108549]
[38]
Parodi, G.; Valenti, R.; Bellandi, B.; Migliorini, A.; Marcucci, R.; Comito, V.; Carrabba, N.; Santini, A.; Gensini, G.F.; Abbate, R.; Antoniucci, D. Comparison of prasugrel and ticagrelor loading doses in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: RAPID (Rapid Activity of Platelet Inhibitor Drugs) primary PCI study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2013, 61(15), 1601-1606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.024] [PMID: 23500251]
[39]
Heestermans, A.A.; van Werkum, J.W.; Taubert, D.; Seesing, T.H.; von Beckerath, N.; Hackeng, C.M.; Schömig, E.; Verheugt, F.W.; ten Berg, J.M. Impaired bioavailability of clopidogrel in patients with a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Thromb. Res., 2008, 122(6), 776-781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2008. 01.021] [PMID: 18455217]
[40]
Clemmensen, P.; Wiberg, S.; Van’t Hof, A.; Deliargyris, E.N.; Coste, P.; Ten Berg, J.; Cavallini, C.; Hamon, M.; Dudek, D.; Zeymer, U.; Tabone, X.; Kristensen, S.D.; Bernstein, D.; Anthopoulos, P.; Prats, J.; Steg, P.G. Acute stent thrombosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the EUROMAX trial (European Ambulance Acute Coronary Syndrome Angiography). JACC Cardiovasc. Interv., 2015, 8(1 Pt B), 214-220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2014.11.002] [PMID: 25616927]
[41]
Han, Y.; Guo, J.; Zheng, Y.; Zang, H.; Su, X.; Wang, Y.; Chen, S.; Jiang, T.; Yang, P.; Chen, J.; Jiang, D.; Jing, Q.; Liang, Z.; Liu, H.; Zhao, X.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Xu, B.; Stone, G.W. Bivalirudin vs heparin with or without tirofiban during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the BRIGHT randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2015, 313(13), 1336-1346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.2323] [PMID: 25775052]


open access plus

Rights & PermissionsPrintExport Cite as

Article Details

VOLUME: 20
ISSUE: 1
Year: 2020
Published on: 26 February, 2020
Page: [3 - 15]
Pages: 13
DOI: 10.2174/1871529X19666190626124057

Article Metrics

PDF: 23
HTML: 3



Related Article(s)

Most Downloaded Article(s)