The Use of Montmorillonite (MMT) in Food Nanocomposites: Methods of Incorporation, Characterization of MMT/Polymer Nanocomposites and Main Consequences in the Properties

Author(s): Fernanda Vilarinho, Malia Fátima Vaz, Ana Sanches Silva*

Journal Name: Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture

Volume 11 , Issue 1 , 2020

DOI : 10.2174/2212798410666190401160211

  Journal Home
Become EABM
Become Reviewer

Graphical Abstract:


Abstract:

Background: The clay Montmorillonite (MMT) is among the nanofillers more frequently used in food packaging. The uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in polymers confers considerable improvement of mechanical, thermal, optical, and/or barrier properties in polymer/clay nanocomposites.

Objective: The aim is to ascertain the state of the art of the use of MMT for packaging purposes, with special emphasis on food applications.

Methods: A literature review was carried out through recent papers and patents that focused on the incorporation of MMT in polymers.

Results: This review emphasizes the interaction of MMT with polymers and their levels of incorporation in the nanocomposites. This work also highlights the analytical methodologies used for the characterization of the polymer/clay nanocomposites and the main consequences of the fillers in the properties of nanocomposites. Challenges remain about increasing the compatibility between clays and biopolymers to promote their utilization in food packaging. New strategies for immobilization of oxides, enzymes, essential oils, and other bioactive compounds are needed.

Conclusion: MMT-based composite materials are promising to be used in intelligent and active packaging.

Keywords: Biopolymers, food contact materials, food packaging, legislation, montmorillonite, nanocomposites, nanoforms, nanotechnology.

[1]
Rhim J-W, Park H-M, Ha C-S. Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Prog Polym Sci 2013; 38(10-11): 1629-52.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S007967001300049X
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.008]
[2]
Chaudhry Q, Scotter M, Blackburn J, Ross B, Boxall A, Castle L, et al. Food Addit Contam Part A 2008; 25(3): 241-58.http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/abs/10.1080/02652030701744538
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030701744538]
[3]
Honarvar Z, Hadian Z, Mashayekh M. Nanocomposites in food packaging applications and their risk assessment for healthElectron Physician 2016; 8(6): 2531-8.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S007967001300049X?via%3Dihub [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/2531 PMID: 27504168]
[4]
Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. Official Journal of the European Union 2011.
[5]
European Commission E. COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 18 October 2011 on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU). Off J. Eur Union 2011.
[6]
Boverhof DR, Bramante CM, Butala JH. Clancy SF, Lafranconi M,West J, et al.Comparative assessment of nanomaterial definitions and safety evaluation considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73(1): 137-50.http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0273230015001488
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.001] [PMID: 26111608]
[7]
Regulation (EC) 1223/2009. Off J Eur Union 2009.https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Phys
[8]
EPA. Working Guidance on EPA’s Section 8(a) Information Gathering Rule on Nanomaterials in Commerce. EPA - United States Environ Prot Agency 2017; 8(August): 1-9.http://www.albayan.ae
[9]
Cushen M, Kerry J, Morris M, Cruz-Romero M, Cummins E. Silver migration from nanosilver and a commercially available zeolite filler polyethylene composites to food simulantsFood Addit Contam Part A 2014; 31(6): 1132-40.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2014.905874
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2014.905874]
[10]
Mackevica A, Olsson ME, Hansen SF. Silver nanoparticle release from commercially available plastic food containers into food simulants. J Nanopart Res 2016; 18(1): 5.http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11051-015-3313-x[Internet]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3313-x]
[11]
Lago MA, Sendón R, de Quirós AR-B, Sanches-Silva A, Costa HS, Sánchez-Machado DI, et al. Preparation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Films Based on Chitosan for Active Food Packaging ApplicationsFood Bioprocess Technol 2014; 7(10): 2932-41.http://link.springer.com/ 10.1007/s11947-014-1276-z [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1276-z]
[12]
Li F, Mascheroni E, Piergiovanni L. The Potential of NanoCellulose in the Packaging Field: A ReviewPackag Technol Sci 2015; 28(6): 475-508.http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pts.2121 [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2121]
[13]
Vilarinho F, Sanches Silva A, Vaz MF, Farinha JP. Nanocellulose in green food packagingCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 58(9): 1526-37.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2016.1270254[Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1270254 ] [PMID: 28125279]
[14]
Mody VV, Siwale R, Singh A, Mody HR. Introduction to metallic nanoparticles. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2010; 2(4): 282-9.http://www.jpbsonline.org/text.asp?2010/2/4/282/72127 [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.72127] [PMID: 21180459]
[15]
Störmer A, Bott J, Kemmer D, Franz R. Critical review of the migration potential of nanoparticles in food contact plastics. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017; 63: 39-50.http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924224416303843
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.01.011]
[16]
Echegoyen Y, Rodríguez S, Nerín C. Nanoclay migration from food packaging materialsFood Addit Contam Part A 2016; 33(3): 530-9.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19440049.2015.1136844
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015.1136844]
[17]
Regulation (EU) 2016/1416. Off J. Eur Union 2016.
[18]
Regulation (EU) 1183/2012. Off J. Eur Union 2012.
[19]
Regulation (EU) 2015/174. Off J. Eur Union 2015.
[20]
European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2017/752. Off J Eur Union 2017; 2017(L 113): 18-23.
[21]
Souza VGL, Pires JRA, Rodrigues PF, Lopes AAS, Fernandes FMB, Duarte MP, et al. Bionanocomposites of chitosan/montmorillonite incorporated with Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: Development and physical characterization. Food Packag Shelf Life 2018; 16: 148-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.03.009]
[22]
Jayrajsinh S, Shankar G, Agrawal YK, Bakre L. Montmorillonite nanoclay as a multifaceted drug-delivery carrier: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017; 39: 200-9.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1773224717301004
[23]
Rhim J-W, Ng PKW. Natural biopolymer-based nanocomposite films for packaging applications Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47(4): 411-33.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408390600846366 [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390600846366] [PMID: 17457725]
[24]
Deng Y, Dixon JB, White GN. Intercalation and surface modification of smectite by two non-ionic surfactantsClays Clay Miner 2003; 51(2): 150-61.http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/cgi?ini=xref&body=linker&reqdoi=10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510204 [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510204]
[25]
Shameli K, Zakaria Z, Hara H, Ahmad MB, Mohamad SE, Nordin MFM, et al. Poly (lactic acid)/organoclay blend nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical and microstructural properties. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 2015; 10(1): 323-9.
[26]
Maisanaba S, Guzmán-Guillén R, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Ortuño N, Jos Á. In vitro toxicity evaluation of new silane-modified clays and the migration extract from a derived polymer-clay nanocomposite intended to food packaging applications. J Hazard Mater 2018; 341: 313-20.http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304389417305927
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.003] [PMID: 28800565]
[27]
Cirillo G, Kozlowski MA, Spizzirri UG. Composites Materials for Food Packaging. 1st ed. John Wiley Cirillo G. Kozlowski 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119160243]
[28]
Tenn N, Follain N, Soulestin J, Crétois R, Bourbigot S, Marais S. Effect of Nanoclay Hydration on Barrier Properties of PLA/Montmorillonite Based Nanocomposites. J Phys Chem C 2013; 117(23): 12117-35.http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp401546t
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp401546t]
[29]
Gamez-Perez J, Nascimento L, Bou JJ, Franco-Urquiza E, Santana OO, Carrasco F, et al. Influence of crystallinity on the fracture toughness of poly(lactic acid)/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by twin-screw extrusion. J Appl Polym Sci 2011; 120(2): 896-905.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1773224717301004 [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33191]
[30]
Valapa RB, Loganathan S, Pugazhenthi G, Thomas S, Varghese TO. An Overview of Polymer / Clay Nanocomposites An Overview of Polymer / Clay Nanocomposites 2017.
[31]
Malik N, Shrivastava S, Ghosh SB. Moisture Absorption Behaviour of Biopolymer Polycapralactone (PCL) / Organo Modified Montmorillonite Clay (OMMT) biocomposite films. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2018; 346(1): 012027.http://stacks.iop.org/1757-899X/346/i=1/a=012027?key=crossref.42b5a9a2af1f67aa49dad746873a1279
[32]
Jochec Mošková D, Janigová I, Nógellová Z, Sedničková M, Jankovič L, Komadel P, et al. Prediction of compatibility of organomodified clay with various polymers using rheological measurementsPolym Test 2018; 69(May): 359-65. [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.05.035]
[33]
Zhang L, Wang H, Jin C, Zhang R, Li L, Li X, et al. Sodium lactate loaded chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol/montmorillonite composite film towards active food packaging. Innov Food Sci Emerg Techno 2017; 42(April): 101-8. [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.06.007]
[34]
Saha NR, Sarkar G, Roy I, Rana D, Bhattacharyya A, Adhikari A. et al. Studies on methylcellulose/pectin/montmorillonite nanocomposite films and their application possibilities. Carbohydr Polym 2016. 136: 1218-27. [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.046] [PMID: 26572465]
[35]
Yussuf AA, Al-Saleh MA, Al-Samhan MM, Al-Enezi ST, Al-Banna AH, Abraham G. Investigation of Polypropylene-Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposite Films Containing a Prodegradant Additive. J Polym Environ 2018; 26(1): 275-90.http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10924-017-0946-0 [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-0946-0]
[36]
Giannakas A, Vlacha M, Salmas C. Leontiou A, Katapodis P, Stamatis H, et al. Preparation, characterization, mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties of chitosan/PVOH/clay nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 140: 408-15.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861715012503
[37]
Vilarinho F, Andrade M, Buonocore GG, Stanzione M, Vaz MF, Sanches Silva A. Monitoring lipid oxidation in a processed meat product packaged with nanocomposite poly(lactic acid) film. Eur Polym J 2018; 98: 362-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.034]
[38]
Cavalcanti SN, Alves AM, Agrawal P, da Silva MP, Araújo APM, Araújo EM, et al. Effect of the Content of Organophilic Clays and Impact Modifier on the Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) PLA Biocomposites. Macromol Symp 2016; 367(1): 76-81.http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/masy.201500165 [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201500165]
[39]
Pires JRA, de Souza VGL, Fernando AL. Chitosan/montmorillonite bionanocomposites incorporated with rosemary and ginger essential oil as packaging for fresh poultry meat. Food Packag Shelf Life 2017; 17: 142-9.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214289417304283
[40]
Majeed K, Arjmandi R, Hassan A. Mechanical and Oxygen Barrier Properties of LDPE/MMT/MAPE and LDPE/MMT/EVA Nanocomposite Films: A Comparison Study. J Phys Sci [Internet] 2018; 29(1): 43-58.http://jps.usm.my/ldpe-mmt-mape-and-ldpe-mmt-eva-nanocomposite-films/ http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2018.29.1.4
[41]
Zheng H, Lv G, Xia Z. Xu, N., Le, S., Ma, Z., Chi, Y., Chen, WB., Chen, J. Modified Sodium-Montmorillonite, Preparing Method and uses thereof. EP 2380850B1 (2016).
[42]
In S. Humidity resistance high oxygen barrier packaging lm preparation method. CN101608023A (2009).
[43]
Bensur FJ. Laminate packaging material. US6846532B1 (2005).
[44]
Mohanty A, Parulekar Y, Chidambarakumar M, Kositruangchai N. Harte, B. Biodegradable polymeric nanocomposite composition particularly for packaging. US7619025B2 (2009).
[45]
In S. Sliver-carried nano-montmorillonite antibacterial agent and preparation method thereof. CN102125055A (2011).
[46]
Statement on the safety assessment of the substance silicon dioxide, silanated, FCM Substance No 87 for use in food contact materials. EFSA J 2014; 12(6): 3712.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3712]
[47]
Scientific Opinion on the safety evaluation of the substance, titanium nitride, nanoparticles, for use in food contact materials. EFSA J 2012; 10(3): 2641.http://doi.wiley.com/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2641 [Internet].
[48]
21st list of substances for food contact materials - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids (CEF). EFSA J 2008; 6(12): 888.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.888]
[49]
Scientific Opinion on the safety assessment of the substances (butadiene, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene) copolymer either not crosslinked or crosslinked with divinylbenzene or 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, in nanoform, for use in food cont. EFSA J 2014; 12(4): 3635.http://doi.wiley.com/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3635 [Internet].
[50]
Safety assessment of the substance montmorillonite clay modified by dimethyldialkyl(C16‐C18)ammonium chloride for use in food contact materials. EFSA J 2015; 13(11)http://doi.wiley.com/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4285 [Internet].
[51]
Scientific Opinion on the safety evaluation of the substance zinc oxide, nanoparticles, uncoated and coated with [3‐(methacryloxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane, for use in food contact materials. EFSA J 2015; 13(4)http://doi.wiley.com/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4063 [Internet].
[52]
Vilarinho F, Andrade M, Buonocore GG, Stanzione M, Vaz MF, Sanches Silva A. Monitoring lipid oxidation in a processed meat product packaged with nanocomposite poly(lactic acid) film. Eur Polym J 2017; 98: 362-7.
[53]
Monteiro MKS, Oliveira VRL, Santos FKG. Barros Neto EL, Leite RHL, Aroucha EMM, et al. Incorporation of bentonite clay in cassava starch films for the reduction of water vapor permeability. Food Res Int 2017; 105(May 2017): 637-44.
[54]
Wang P, Wang H, Liu J. Wang P, Jiang S, Li X, et al. Montmorillonite@chitosan-poly (ethylene oxide) nanofibrous membrane enhancing poly (vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) composite film. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 181(August 2017): 885-92.
[55]
Akeb M, Harrane A, Belbachir M. Polymerization of β-pinene by using natural montmorillonite clay as a green catalyst. Green Mater 2018; 6(2): 58-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.17.00040]
[56]
Maisanaba S, Ortuño N, Jordá-Beneyto M, Aucejo S, Jos Á. Development, characterization and cytotoxicity of novel silane-modified clay minerals and nanocomposites intended for food packaging. Appl Clay Sci 2017; 138: 40-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.12.042]
[57]
Khalaj M-J, Ahmadi H, Lesankhosh R, Khalaj G. Study of physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposites for food packaging application: Nano-clay modified with iron nanoparticles. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017; 51(November 2017)
[58]
T41o-r8nu k F, Hancer M, Sagdic O, Yetim H LLDPE based food packaging incorporated with nanoclays grafted with bioactive compounds to extend shelf life of some meat products Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015; 64(2): 540-6. [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.06.030]
[59]
Hosseinkhanli H, Aalaie J, Abdollahi M, Khalkhali T, Shojaei M. Thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of polyethylene/surlyn/organoclay nanocomposites blown films prepared by different mixing methods. J Vinyl Addit Technol [Internet] 2015; 21(1): 60-9.http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/vnl.21373
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21373]
[60]
Ayhan Z, Cimmino S, Esturk O, Duraccio D, Pezzuto M, Silvestre C. Development of Films of Novel Polypropylene based Nanomaterials for Food Packaging ApplicationPackag Technol Sci 2015; 28(7): 589-602.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pts.893/abstract [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2126]
[61]
Achilias DS, Karandrea E, Triantafyllidis KS, Ladavos A, Bikiaris DN. Effect of organoclays type on solid-state polymerization (SSP) of poly(ethylene terephthalate): Experimental and modeling. Eur Polym J 2015; 63: 156-67.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014305714004686?via%3Dihub
[62]
In S. Mn-Cu-Co / montmorillonite deoxidant preparing process.CN105480943A (2016).
[63]
Zheng H, Lv G, Xia Z. Xu, N., Le, S., Ma, Z., Chi, Y., Chen,W., Chen, J. Modified Sodium-Montmorillonite, Preparing Method and uses thereof. US9095542B2 (2015).
[64]
Kingakis P, Pokusa K. Flexible package with internal, reseable closure feature. US8398306B2 (2013).
[65]
Koeing M, Effern V, Redmann-Schmid S, Lutz W. Food casing based on cellulose hydrate with nanoparticles.US20080145576A1 (2008).
[66]
Fackler T, Berning W, Dujardin B. Packaging material comprising a foamed polyole n layer. CA2543720A1 2005.


open access plus

Rights & PermissionsPrintExport Cite as

Article Details

VOLUME: 11
ISSUE: 1
Year: 2020
Published on: 29 April, 2020
Page: [13 - 26]
Pages: 14
DOI: 10.2174/2212798410666190401160211

Article Metrics

PDF: 13
HTML: 4



Most Downloaded Article(s)