Title:Diclofenac 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives; Biology-Oriented Drug Synthesis (BIODS) in Search of Better Non-Steroidal, Non-Acid Antiinflammatory Agents
VOLUME: 14 ISSUE: 7
Author(s):Shazia Shah, Arshia, Nida Siraj Kazmi, Almas Jabeen, Aisha Faheem, Nida Dastagir, Tariq Ahmed, Khalid Mohammed Khan*, Shakil Ahmed, Abeer Raza and Shahnaz Perveen
Affiliation:H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Industrial Analytical Center at H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi- 75270, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi-75280
Keywords:Synthesis, diclofenac, 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole, antiinflammatory parameters, ROS suppression, and NO inhibition.
Abstract:Background: Inflammation is defined as the response of immune system cells to damaged
or injured tissues. The major symptoms of inflammation include increased blood flow, cellular
influx, edema, elevated cellular metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) nitric oxide (NO)
and vasodilation. This normally protective mechanism against harmful agents when this normal
mechanism becomes dysregulated that can cause serious illnesses including ulcerative colitis,
Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sepsis, and chronic pulmonary inflammation.
Method: In this study synthetic transformations on diclofenac were carried out in search of better
non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), non-acidic, antiinflammatory agents. For this
purpose diclofenac derivatives (2-20) were synthesized from diclofenac (1). All derivatives (2-20)
and parent diclofenac (1) were evaluated for their antiinflammatory effect using different parameters
including suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by whole
blood phagocytes, produced by neutrophils, and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production from
J774.2 macrophages. The most active compound also evaluated for cytotoxicity activity.
Results: Diclofenac (1) inhibited the ROS with an IC50 of 3.9 ± 2.8, 1.2 ± 0.0 µg/mL respectively
and inhibited NO with an IC50 of 30.01 ± 0.01 µg/mL. Among its derivatives 4, 5, 11, 16, and 20,
showed better antiinflammatory potential. The compound 5 was found to be the most potent inhibitor
of intracellular ROS as well as NO with IC50 values of 1.9 ± 0.9, 1.7 ± 0.4 µg/mL respectively
and 7.13 ± 1.0 µg/mL, respectively, and showed good inhibitory activity than parent diclofenac.
The most active compounds were tested for their toxic effect on NIH-3T3 cells where all
compounds were found to be non-toxic compared to the standard cytotoxic drug cyclohexamide.
Conclusion: Five derivatives were found to be active. Compound 5 was found to be the most potent
inhibitor of ROS and NO compared to parent diclofenac 1 and standard drugs ibuprofen and
L-NMMA, respectively. The most active compounds 1, 4, 5, 11 and 20 were found to be non-toxic
on NIH-3T3 cells. Compound 4, 5, and 20 also showed good antiinflammatory potential, compound
11 and 16 showed moderate and low level of inhibition, respectively.
