Abstract
The immune system is an intricate and coordinated nexus serving as a natural defense to preclude internal and external pathogenic insults. The deregulation in the natural balance of immunological functions as a consequence of either over expression or under expression of immune cells tends to cause disruption of homeostasis in the body and may lead to development of numerous immune system disorders. Chalcone moieties (1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) have been well-documented as ideal lead compounds or precursors to design a wide range of pharmacologically active agents to down-regulate various immune disorders. Owing to their unique structural and molecular framework, these α, β-unsaturated carbonyl-based moieties have also gained remarkable recognition due to their other multifarious pharmacological properties including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, antibacterial, anti-tuberculosis, and anticancer potential. Though a great number of methodologies are currently being employed for their synthesis, this review mainly focuses on the natural and synthetic chalcone derivatives that are exclusively synthesized via Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction and their immunomodulatory prospects. We have critically reviewed the literature and provided convincing evidence for the promising efficacy of chalcone derivatives to modulate functioning of various innate and adaptive immune players including granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, platelets, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T-lymphocytes.
Keywords: Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction, natural and synthetic chalcones, efficient immunomodulation, innate and adaptive immune players, phagocytes, infection.
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Exploring Promising Immunomodulatory Potential of Natural and Synthetic 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one Analogs: A Review of Mechanistic Insight
Volume: 18 Issue: 12
Author(s): Muhammad Hassan Safdar, Humna Hasan, Sajal Afzal and Zahid Hussain*
Affiliation:
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor,Malaysia
Keywords: Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction, natural and synthetic chalcones, efficient immunomodulation, innate and adaptive immune players, phagocytes, infection.
Abstract: The immune system is an intricate and coordinated nexus serving as a natural defense to preclude internal and external pathogenic insults. The deregulation in the natural balance of immunological functions as a consequence of either over expression or under expression of immune cells tends to cause disruption of homeostasis in the body and may lead to development of numerous immune system disorders. Chalcone moieties (1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) have been well-documented as ideal lead compounds or precursors to design a wide range of pharmacologically active agents to down-regulate various immune disorders. Owing to their unique structural and molecular framework, these α, β-unsaturated carbonyl-based moieties have also gained remarkable recognition due to their other multifarious pharmacological properties including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, antibacterial, anti-tuberculosis, and anticancer potential. Though a great number of methodologies are currently being employed for their synthesis, this review mainly focuses on the natural and synthetic chalcone derivatives that are exclusively synthesized via Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction and their immunomodulatory prospects. We have critically reviewed the literature and provided convincing evidence for the promising efficacy of chalcone derivatives to modulate functioning of various innate and adaptive immune players including granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, platelets, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T-lymphocytes.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Safdar Hassan Muhammad , Hasan Humna , Afzal Sajal and Hussain Zahid *, Exploring Promising Immunomodulatory Potential of Natural and Synthetic 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one Analogs: A Review of Mechanistic Insight, Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2018; 18 (12) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557517666171123212039
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557517666171123212039 |
Print ISSN 1389-5575 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5607 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Bioprospecting of Natural Products as Sources of New Multitarget Therapies
According to the Convention on Biological Diversity, bioprospecting is the exploration of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge to develop commercially valuable products for pharmaceutical and other applications. Bioprospecting involves searching for useful organic compounds in plants, fungi, marine organisms, and microorganisms. Natural products traditionally constituted the primary source of more than ...read more
Computational Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry
The thematic issue "Computational Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry" provides a robust platform for delving into state-of-the-art computational methodologies and technologies that significantly propel advancements in medicinal chemistry. This edition seeks to amalgamate top-tier reviews spotlighting the latest trends and breakthroughs in the fusion of computational approaches, including artificial intelligence (AI) ...read more
Natural Products and Dietary Supplements in Alleviation of Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Neurological Disorders
Metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, cancer etc, cardiovascular disorders like angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure etc as well as neurological disorders like Alzheimer?s, Parkinson?s, Epilepsy, Depression, etc are the global burden. They covered the major segment of the diseases and disorders from which the human community ...read more
Natural Products in Drug Discovery
Natural products have always been one of the important ways of drug discovery due to their novel skeleton and diverse functional group characteristics. According to statistics, between 1981 and 2019, the FDA approved a total of 1,394 small molecule drugs for marketing, of which 930 marketed drugs originated from the ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Oral Agents in Multiple Sclerosis
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Current Trends and Future Directions of Fluoroquinolones
Current Medicinal Chemistry Predicting Targeted Polypharmacology for Drug Repositioning and Multi- Target Drug Discovery
Current Medicinal Chemistry Lock Stock and Barrel of Wound Healing
Current Pharmaceutical Design Drug Resistance, Virus Fitness and HIV-1 Mutagenesis
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Pattern Recognition Receptor Dectin-1: From Fungi to Mycobacteria
Current Drug Targets Old Drugs and New Targets as an Outlook for the Treatment of Tuberculosis
Current Medicinal Chemistry Toll-Like Receptors and their Role in Renal Pathologies
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) How Much of the Proteome Do We See with Discovery-Based Proteomics Methods and How Much Do We Need to See?
Current Proteomics Absorption, Disposition and Pharmacokinetics of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Current Drug Metabolism Interethnic and Intraethnic Variability of NAT2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Current Drug Metabolism TNF α Signaling Beholds Thalidomide Saga: A Review of Mechanistic Role of TNF-α Signaling Under Thalidomide
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Development of New Antituberculous Drugs: Strategies for New Drug Targets and Drug Delivery
Drug Design Reviews - Online (Discontinued) Molecular Hybridization and Preclinical Evaluation of Imines From Para-substituted 4-phenyl 2-amino Thiazole Incorporated with Isatin Analogues as Antitubercular Agents
Anti-Infective Agents Update on the Development of TB Vaccines
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Expression, Purification and Characterisation of Haemophilus influenzae 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase (LeuB)
Protein & Peptide Letters An Environmentally Friendly, Scalable and Highly Efficient Synthesis of (S,S)-Ethambutol, a First Line Drug against Tuberculosis
Letters in Organic Chemistry Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Asthma: A Traditional Persian Medicine Perspective
Current Pharmaceutical Design Investigating Drug-induced Mitochondrial Toxicity: A Biosensor to Increase Drug Safety?
Current Drug Safety Cheminformatics in Anti-Infective Agents Discovery
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry