Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a homologue of ACE that catalyzes the conversion of Angiotensin (Ang) II into Ang1-7, which induces vasodilation, anti-fibrotic, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. Given that ACE2 counterbalances the effects of Ang II, it has been proposed as a biomarker in kidney disease patients. Circulating ACE2 has been studied in human and experimental studies under physiological and pathological conditions and different techniques have been assessed to determine its enzymatic activity. In patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease circulating ACE2 has been shown to be increased. In addition, hypertensive and diabetic patients have also shown higher circulating ACE2 activities. A study in type 1 diabetes patients found a negative association between circulating ACE2 and estimated glomerular filtration rate in male and female patients. Recently, it has been demonstrated that circulating ACE2 is increased in male patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and that it is independently associated with other classical CV risk factors, such as advanced age and diabetes. Furthermore, circulating ACE2 has been shown to be associated with silent atherosclerosis and CV outcomes in CKD patients. In diabetic nephropathy, experimental studies have demonstrated an increase in circulating ACE2 activity both at early and late stages of the disease, as well as a direct association with increased urinary albumin excretion, suggesting that it may be increased as a renoprotective mechanism in these patients. In this paper we will review the measurement of circulating ACE2 and its role in kidney disease, as well as its potential role as a renal and CV biomarker.
Keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, Chronic kidney disease, Cardiovascular disease, Biomarker, Reninangiotensin system, diabetes.
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Circulating ACE2 in Cardiovascular and Kidney Diseases
Volume: 24 Issue: 30
Author(s): L. Anguiano, M. Riera , J. Pascual and M. J. Soler*
Affiliation:
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Maritim 25-29, 08003 Barcelona,Spain
Keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, Chronic kidney disease, Cardiovascular disease, Biomarker, Reninangiotensin system, diabetes.
Abstract: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a homologue of ACE that catalyzes the conversion of Angiotensin (Ang) II into Ang1-7, which induces vasodilation, anti-fibrotic, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. Given that ACE2 counterbalances the effects of Ang II, it has been proposed as a biomarker in kidney disease patients. Circulating ACE2 has been studied in human and experimental studies under physiological and pathological conditions and different techniques have been assessed to determine its enzymatic activity. In patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease circulating ACE2 has been shown to be increased. In addition, hypertensive and diabetic patients have also shown higher circulating ACE2 activities. A study in type 1 diabetes patients found a negative association between circulating ACE2 and estimated glomerular filtration rate in male and female patients. Recently, it has been demonstrated that circulating ACE2 is increased in male patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and that it is independently associated with other classical CV risk factors, such as advanced age and diabetes. Furthermore, circulating ACE2 has been shown to be associated with silent atherosclerosis and CV outcomes in CKD patients. In diabetic nephropathy, experimental studies have demonstrated an increase in circulating ACE2 activity both at early and late stages of the disease, as well as a direct association with increased urinary albumin excretion, suggesting that it may be increased as a renoprotective mechanism in these patients. In this paper we will review the measurement of circulating ACE2 and its role in kidney disease, as well as its potential role as a renal and CV biomarker.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Anguiano L., Riera M. , Pascual J. and Soler J. M.*, Circulating ACE2 in Cardiovascular and Kidney Diseases, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2017; 24 (30) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170414162841
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170414162841 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
Current advances in inherited cardiomyopathy
Describe in detail all novel advances in multimodality imaging related to inherited cardiomyopathy diagnosis and prognosis. Shed light to deeper phenotypic characterization. Acknowledge recent advances in genetics, genomics and precision medicineread more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i> Resulting in a Prosthetic Joint Infection in an Immunocompetent
Patient after a Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report and Review
of the Literature
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds for Diabetes Management: Important Advances in Drug Discovery
Current Pharmaceutical Design A Possible Target of Antioxidative Therapy for Diabetic Vascular Complications-Vascular NAD(P)H Oxidase
Current Medicinal Chemistry A Critical and Comprehensive Insight on Heme Oxygenase and Related Products Including Carbon Monoxide, Bilirubin, Biliverdin and Ferritin in Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease: New Potential for Intervention
Current Drug Targets Glomerular Endothelium and its Impact on Glomerular Filtration Barrier in Diabetes: Are the Gaps Still Illusive?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Chronic Inflammatory Disorders and Accelerated Atherosclerosis: Chronic Kidney Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Oxidative Stress in Development of Cardiovascular Complications in Diabetes Mellitus
Current Vascular Pharmacology Can We Move Forward After ADVANCE?
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Wnt Signaling in Development, Disease and Translational Medicine
Current Drug Targets Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics Approaches for Predicting Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Current Diabetes Reviews Endothelial Dysfunction in Dyslipidaemia: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Current Medicinal Chemistry Antiviral Drugs that Target Cellular Proteins May Play Major Roles in Combating HIV Resistance
Current Pharmaceutical Design Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications of Diabetes
Current Drug Targets Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Dyslipidemia Treatment and Cardiovascular Disease in the Renal Patient
Current Pharmaceutical Design Vitamin C: Basic Metabolism and Its Function as an Index of Oxidative Stress
Current Medicinal Chemistry Pulmonary Pathology Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Current Diabetes Reviews Flow Cytometry Study of Leukocyte Function: Analytical Comparison of Methods and their Applicability to Clinical Research
Current Medicinal Chemistry Genetic Association Studies in Diabetic Nephropathy
Current Diabetes Reviews