Abstract
Background: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) is the first cause of death in Western Countries. Several risk factors contribute to generate atherosclerosis and the preventive therapeutic approaches, in particular statin therapy, reduce the mortality. However, the residual risk in statin treated patients remains significant, despite reaching the low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) goals.
Methods: we reviewed the literature published in PUB-MED to discuss the role of residual dyslipidemia in particular high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], genetic factors, suboptimal implementation of lifestyle therapy, mood disorders associated to low compliance to application of evidence-based therapies or related to ASCVD.
Results: we summarized the current knowledge on the topic, evidencing its contradictory aspects.
Conclusion: HDL-C is an important biomarker for predicting cardiovascular risk, but the classical HDL hypothesis is no longer correct and it is now being replaced by the HDL function hypothesis, thought more studies are needed to validate it. The connection between cardiovascular risk and levels of TGs is not so definite. APOE genotype and Lp(a) levels are two genetics factors associated to CV risk. Healthy lifestyle with particular dietetic factors, connected to psychological aspects, are very important for the optimal control of the global risk.
Keywords: Residual risk, lipid-lowering therapy, atherogenic dyslipidemia, genetic risk, correct lifestyle, cardiovascular prevention.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Cholesterol Lowering Therapy: Treat to Target or Reduce the Global Risk? The Unresolved Problem of Residual Risk
Volume: 22 Issue: 37
Author(s): Giulia Bruzzone, Giorgia Corbelli, Paola Belci, Annalaura Cremonini, Aldo Pende and Livia Pisciotta
Affiliation:
Keywords: Residual risk, lipid-lowering therapy, atherogenic dyslipidemia, genetic risk, correct lifestyle, cardiovascular prevention.
Abstract: Background: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) is the first cause of death in Western Countries. Several risk factors contribute to generate atherosclerosis and the preventive therapeutic approaches, in particular statin therapy, reduce the mortality. However, the residual risk in statin treated patients remains significant, despite reaching the low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) goals.
Methods: we reviewed the literature published in PUB-MED to discuss the role of residual dyslipidemia in particular high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], genetic factors, suboptimal implementation of lifestyle therapy, mood disorders associated to low compliance to application of evidence-based therapies or related to ASCVD.
Results: we summarized the current knowledge on the topic, evidencing its contradictory aspects.
Conclusion: HDL-C is an important biomarker for predicting cardiovascular risk, but the classical HDL hypothesis is no longer correct and it is now being replaced by the HDL function hypothesis, thought more studies are needed to validate it. The connection between cardiovascular risk and levels of TGs is not so definite. APOE genotype and Lp(a) levels are two genetics factors associated to CV risk. Healthy lifestyle with particular dietetic factors, connected to psychological aspects, are very important for the optimal control of the global risk.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Bruzzone Giulia, Corbelli Giorgia, Belci Paola, Cremonini Annalaura, Pende Aldo and Pisciotta Livia, Cholesterol Lowering Therapy: Treat to Target or Reduce the Global Risk? The Unresolved Problem of Residual Risk, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (37) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160822143753
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160822143753 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Relationship Among Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Subjects with Obesity
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Targets for Medical Therapy to Limit Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression
Current Drug Targets Non-pharmacological Strategies Against Systemic Inflammation: Molecular Basis and Clinical Evidence
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cardiovascular Risk, Inflammation and Physical Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Current Rheumatology Reviews Can Wogonin be Used in Controlling Diabetic Cardiomyopathy?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cardioprotection Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Chromogranin ADerived Peptides
Current Medicinal Chemistry Association Between Chlamydia pneumoniae Antibodies and Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews The Epidemiology and Health Effects of Tobacco Use
Current Pediatric Reviews Cardiac Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Review
Current Vascular Pharmacology Homocysteine Level and Mechanisms of Injury in Parkinson's Disease as Related to MTHFR, MTR, and MTHFD1 Genes Polymorphisms and LDopa Treatment
Current Genomics Atherosclerotic and Non-Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Current Medicinal Chemistry Vascular Protective Effects of Diabetes Medications that Mimic or Increase Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Activity
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Kidney Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology GSK3 Inhibitors and Disease
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Effects of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12, Alone and in Combination on Cognitive Function and Inflammatory Factors in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Single-blind Experimental Design
Current Alzheimer Research Intrauterine Intervention for the Treatment of Fetal Growth Restriction
Current Pediatric Reviews Pitavastatin Combined with Ezetimibe Treatment was an Effective Approach to Non-IRA Lesion of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Effects of Alcohol in the Lung
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Monitoring and Surveillance of Obesity in the United States
Current Nutrition & Food Science Contrast Echocardiography: An Update on Clinical Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design