Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder in children which manifests with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention. Several drugs are used in treatment of ADHD. Stimulants, atomoxetine, anti-depressants, and bupropion are common medications used in the treatment of ADHD. Stimulants are widely used as the first line treatment in children with ADHD. Their mechanism of action is the release of dopamine and norepinephrine in central nervous system. Methylphenidate is the most common stimulant used for the treatment of ADHD. Methylphenidate significantly reduces ADHD symptoms in children both at home and school and improves their social skills. Methylphenidate is safe in healthy children and has shown to have no cardiac side effects in these patients. Other medications include: Atomoxetine, Amphetamines, Clonidine, Melatonin, and anti-depressants. Effects, side effects, and mechanism of action these drugs have been discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, Amphetamines.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Psychopharmacology of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects and Side Effects
Volume: 22 Issue: 5
Author(s): Javad Golmirzaei, Hamidreza Mahboobi, Maryam Yazdanparast, Gohar Mushtaq, Mohammad A. Kamal and Enayatollah Hamzei
Affiliation:
Keywords: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, Amphetamines.
Abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder in children which manifests with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention. Several drugs are used in treatment of ADHD. Stimulants, atomoxetine, anti-depressants, and bupropion are common medications used in the treatment of ADHD. Stimulants are widely used as the first line treatment in children with ADHD. Their mechanism of action is the release of dopamine and norepinephrine in central nervous system. Methylphenidate is the most common stimulant used for the treatment of ADHD. Methylphenidate significantly reduces ADHD symptoms in children both at home and school and improves their social skills. Methylphenidate is safe in healthy children and has shown to have no cardiac side effects in these patients. Other medications include: Atomoxetine, Amphetamines, Clonidine, Melatonin, and anti-depressants. Effects, side effects, and mechanism of action these drugs have been discussed in this paper.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Golmirzaei Javad, Mahboobi Hamidreza, Yazdanparast Maryam, Mushtaq Gohar, Kamal A. Mohammad and Hamzei Enayatollah, Psychopharmacology of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects and Side Effects, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151124235816
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151124235816 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Molecular Mechanisms of Pancreatic Cancer Dissemination: The Role of the Chemokine System
Current Pharmaceutical Design Serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C Receptors as Potential Targets for Modulation of Psychostimulant Use and Dependence
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristics Associated with Cognitive Impairment: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study, the Intercontinental “Gait, cOgnitiOn & Decline” Initiative
Current Alzheimer Research GABAA Receptors in Normal Development and Seizures: Friends or Foes?
Current Neuropharmacology The proNGF-p75NTR-Sortilin Signalling Complex as New Target for the Therapeutic Treatment of Parkinsons Disease
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors for the Nervous System
Current Gene Therapy Single Amino Acid Repeats Connect Viruses to Neurodegeneration
Current Drug Discovery Technologies The Guinea Pig as an Animal Model for Asthma
Current Drug Targets Phosphodiesterase 10 Inhibitors: New Disease Modifying Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Current Options and Future Possibilities for the Treatment of Dyskinesia and Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Diabetes Mellitus: Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, Pathophysiology and Cognitive Impairments
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Nerve Growth Factor: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Implications for Alzheimers Disease
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders The Role of Viruses in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists and Memantine Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Vascular Dementia and Parkinson’s Disease
Current Alzheimer Research NK-1 Receptor Antagonists: A New Paradigm in Pharmacological Therapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry Controversies of Dopamine Agonists: Somnolence, Cardiac Valvulopathy and Repetitive Behaviors
Current Drug Therapy Combination Treatment in Alzheimers Disease: Results of a Randomized, Controlled Trial with Cerebrolysin and Donepezil
Current Alzheimer Research Targeting the Cancer-Stroma Interaction: A Potential Approach for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Current Pharmaceutical Design Principles and Therapeutic Relevance for Targeting Mitochondria in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design DNA Double Strand Breaks: A Common Theme in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Alzheimer Research