Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic inflammatory disease leading to lipid-laden inflammatory lesions in the arterial walls that may destabilize and rupture. It is becoming clear that addressing the “classical” risk factors for atherosclerosis does not entirely reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Novel biomarkers to be used in highthroughput assays are necessary for diagnosis, for determination of the residual risk and for monitoring the effects of the therapy. Since inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, tests for pro-inflammatory biomarkers have been introduced such as for hsCRP, fibrinogen and IL-6, with many more at different stages of development.
There has been a dearth of novel approaches for the diagnosis and management of atherosclerosis, reflected in a continuous reliance on LDL cholesterol as a proven target of investigations. To bring another perspective, here we briefly overview the accumulated epidemiological and sero-epidemiological evidence suggesting systemic infections as a component of atherosclerotic inflammations. We have shown that different individuals’ plaques are colonized with different bacterial species (atherosclerosis microbiota). Most of the time the pathogens are likely in an intracellular state, shielded from the host immune responses. There are controlled clinical trials and metaanalyses that corroborate the infections, specifically periodontal disease as a contributing risk factor of atherosclerosis. Infection-related markers, including transcriptome signatures, may identify latent infection patients with sub-clinical disease. Thus, the emerging infection- associated markers of inflammation could complement the existing ones and their use as companion diagnostics for atherosclerosis should stimulate the growing field of personalized medicine within cardiovascular diseases.
Keywords: Atherosclerosis, biomarkers, inflammation, infection.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Infection-Associated Biomarkers of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
Volume: 21 Issue: 13
Author(s): Emil Kozarov, Kurt Huber and Johann Wojta
Affiliation:
Keywords: Atherosclerosis, biomarkers, inflammation, infection.
Abstract: Atherosclerosis is a systemic inflammatory disease leading to lipid-laden inflammatory lesions in the arterial walls that may destabilize and rupture. It is becoming clear that addressing the “classical” risk factors for atherosclerosis does not entirely reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Novel biomarkers to be used in highthroughput assays are necessary for diagnosis, for determination of the residual risk and for monitoring the effects of the therapy. Since inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, tests for pro-inflammatory biomarkers have been introduced such as for hsCRP, fibrinogen and IL-6, with many more at different stages of development.
There has been a dearth of novel approaches for the diagnosis and management of atherosclerosis, reflected in a continuous reliance on LDL cholesterol as a proven target of investigations. To bring another perspective, here we briefly overview the accumulated epidemiological and sero-epidemiological evidence suggesting systemic infections as a component of atherosclerotic inflammations. We have shown that different individuals’ plaques are colonized with different bacterial species (atherosclerosis microbiota). Most of the time the pathogens are likely in an intracellular state, shielded from the host immune responses. There are controlled clinical trials and metaanalyses that corroborate the infections, specifically periodontal disease as a contributing risk factor of atherosclerosis. Infection-related markers, including transcriptome signatures, may identify latent infection patients with sub-clinical disease. Thus, the emerging infection- associated markers of inflammation could complement the existing ones and their use as companion diagnostics for atherosclerosis should stimulate the growing field of personalized medicine within cardiovascular diseases.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kozarov Emil, Huber Kurt and Wojta Johann, Infection-Associated Biomarkers of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2015; 21 (13) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612821666141129173343
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612821666141129173343 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Sex Steroid Hormone Effects in Normal and Pathologic Conditions in Lung Physiology
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Insights into Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Understanding, Research, and Therapeutic Updates
Recent Patents on Biotechnology Circulatory Syndrome: An Evolution of the Metabolic Syndrome Concept!
Current Cardiology Reviews CD44 - a New Cardiovascular Drug Target or Merely an Innocent Bystander?
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Heart Failure in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Current Cardiology Reviews Lycopene and Cardiovascular Diseases: An Update
Current Medicinal Chemistry Oxidative Stress-Induced Ischemic Heart Disease: Protection by Antioxidants
Current Medicinal Chemistry Use of Diuretics in Women for Management of Hypertension
Current Hypertension Reviews Role of Polymorphisms in Factor V (FV Leiden), Prothrombin, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 (PAI-1), Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) and Cystathionine β-Synthase (CBS) Genes as Risk Factors for Thrombophilias
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Virgin Olive Oil and Hypertension
Current Vascular Pharmacology Magnesium as a Neuroprotective Agent in Cerebral Ischemia
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Central Nervous System Agents Identify Compounds' Target Against Alzheimer's Disease Based on In-Silico Approach
Current Alzheimer Research Analogy of Cardiac and Renal Complications in Essential Hypertension and Aged SHR or L-NAME/SHR
Medicinal Chemistry Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery The Circulating Endothelial Cell in Cancer: Towards Marker and Target Identification
Current Pharmaceutical Design Anti-Inflammatory Approaches to Reduce Acute Cardiovascular Events: Not Only Benefits
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology Recent Applications of Grape Polyphenols in Foods, Beverages and Supplements
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture Biological Therapies For Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Research DrivesClinics
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry A Study of Prescription Pattern and Compliance of Anti-hypertensives with the Treatment Guidelines in Aseer Region; Saudi Arabia
Current Drug Therapy