Title:Nanobiotechnology-based Drug Delivery in Brain Targeting
VOLUME: 14 ISSUE: 15
Author(s):Subas C. Dinda and Gurudutta Pattnaik
Affiliation:Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
Keywords:Brain targeting, drug delivery, nanobiotechnology.
Abstract:Blood brain barrier (BBB) found to act as rate limiting factor in drug delivery to brain in combating the central
nervous system (CNS) disorders. Such limiting physiological factors include the reticuloendothelial system and protein
opsonization, which present across BBB, play major role in reducing the passage of drug. Several approaches employed to
improve the drug delivery across the BBB. Nanoparticles (NP) are the solid colloidal particle ranges from 1 to 1000nm in
size utilized as career for drug delivery. At present NPs are found to play a significant advantage over the other methods
of available drug delivery systems to deliver the drug across the BBB. Nanoparticles may be because of its size and functionalization
characteristics able to penetrate and facilitate the drug delivery through the barrier. There are number of
mechanisms and strategies found to be involved in this process, which are based on the type of nanomaterials used and its
combination with therapeutic agents, such materials include liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and non-viral vectors of
nano-sizes for CNS gene therapy, etc. Nanotechnology is expected to reduce the need for invasive procedures for delivery
of therapeutics to the CNS. Some devices such as implanted catheters and reservoirs however will still be needed to overcome
the problems in effective drug delivery to the CNS. Nanomaterials are found to improve the safety and efficacy
level of drug delivery devices in brain targeting. Nanoegineered devices are found to be delivering the drugs at cellular
levels through nono-fluidic channels. Different drug delivery systems such as liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles,
nonogels and nonobiocapsules have been used to improve the bioavailability of the drug in the brain, but microchips and
biodegradable polymeric nanoparticulate careers are found to be more effective therapeutically in treating brain tumor.
The physiological approaches also utilized to improve the transcytosis capacity of specific receptors expressed across the
BBB. It is found that the low density lipoproteins related protein (LPR) with engineered peptide compound (EpiC) formed
the platform incorporating the Angiopep peptide as a new effective therapeutics. The current challenges are to design and
develop the drug delivery careers, which must be able to deliver the drug across the BBB at a safe and effective manner.
Nanoparticles are found to be effective careers in delivery of conventional drugs, recombinant proteins, vaccines as well
as nucleotides. Nanoparticlulate drug delivery systems are found to be improving in the pharmacokinetic strategies of the
drug molecules such as biodistribution, bioavailability and drug release characteristics in a controlled and effective manner
with site specific drug delivery targeting to tissue or cell with reduction in toxic manifestation. Therefore, the use of
nanotechnology in the field of pharmaceutical biotechnology helps in improving the drug delivery strategy including the
kinetics and therapeutic index to solve the delivery problems of some biotech drugs including the recombinant proteins
and oligonucleotides. This review is made to provide an insight to the role of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery and drug
targeting to brain and its recent advances in the field of drug delivery systems.
