Abstract
The most conserved cellular response to stress is the expression of heat shock proteins (hsp). These proteins participate in the repair of cellular damage after the stress, which is necessary for a positive recovery and confers further protection from subsequent insults. Since these proteins are expressed in subcellular compartments, it was thought that their function during stress conditions was circumscribed to the intracellular environment. However, it is now well established that hsp can also be present outside cells, where they appear to display a function different than the well understood chaperone role. Extracellular hsp act as alert stress signals priming other cells, particularly of the immune system, to avoid the propagation of the insult and favoring resolution. A very pertinent question to ask is what is the mechanism for the export of these proteins into the extracellular environment, since they do not possess a secretory leading signal? Different mechanisms have been proposed, including translocation across the plasma membrane and release associated with lipid vesicles, an endolysosomal pathway, and the passive release after cell death by necrosis. Extracellular hsp appears to be in membrane-bound and membrane-free forms. They could be associated with substrate or free of client proteins. All of these variants of extracellular hsp suggest that their interactions with cells may be quite diverse, both in target cell-types and the activating signal pathways. This review addresses some of our current knowledge about the function and release of extracellular hsp, in particular the major inducible form, Hsp70.
Keywords: Ectosomes, exosomes, heat shock proteins, Hsp70, immune cell activation, non-classical secretory pathway, stress, vesicles.
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Title:Extracellular Hsp70: Export and Function
Volume: 15 Issue: 3
Author(s): Antonio De Maio
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ectosomes, exosomes, heat shock proteins, Hsp70, immune cell activation, non-classical secretory pathway, stress, vesicles.
Abstract: The most conserved cellular response to stress is the expression of heat shock proteins (hsp). These proteins participate in the repair of cellular damage after the stress, which is necessary for a positive recovery and confers further protection from subsequent insults. Since these proteins are expressed in subcellular compartments, it was thought that their function during stress conditions was circumscribed to the intracellular environment. However, it is now well established that hsp can also be present outside cells, where they appear to display a function different than the well understood chaperone role. Extracellular hsp act as alert stress signals priming other cells, particularly of the immune system, to avoid the propagation of the insult and favoring resolution. A very pertinent question to ask is what is the mechanism for the export of these proteins into the extracellular environment, since they do not possess a secretory leading signal? Different mechanisms have been proposed, including translocation across the plasma membrane and release associated with lipid vesicles, an endolysosomal pathway, and the passive release after cell death by necrosis. Extracellular hsp appears to be in membrane-bound and membrane-free forms. They could be associated with substrate or free of client proteins. All of these variants of extracellular hsp suggest that their interactions with cells may be quite diverse, both in target cell-types and the activating signal pathways. This review addresses some of our current knowledge about the function and release of extracellular hsp, in particular the major inducible form, Hsp70.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
De Maio Antonio, Extracellular Hsp70: Export and Function, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2014; 15 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203715666140331113057
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203715666140331113057 |
Print ISSN 1389-2037 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5550 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancements in Proteomic and Peptidomic Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy: Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment
The scope of this thematic issue centers on the integration of proteomic and peptidomic technologies into the field of cancer immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on exploring the tumor immune microenvironment. This issue aims to gather contributions that illustrate the application of these advanced methodologies in unveiling the complex interplay ...read more
Nutrition and Metabolism in Musculoskeletal Diseases
The musculoskeletal system consists mainly of cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and ligaments. Balanced metabolism is of vital importance for the homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system. A series of musculoskeletal diseases (for example, sarcopenia, osteoporosis) are resulted from the dysregulated metabolism of the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, metabolic diseases (such ...read more
Protein Folding, Aggregation and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
Protein folding, misfolding and aggregation remain one of the main problems of interdisciplinary science not only because many questions are still open, but also because they are important from the point of view of practical application. Protein aggregation and formation of fibrillar structures, for example, is a hallmark of a ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Endothelial Remodelling and Intracellular Calcium Machinery
Current Molecular Medicine Multimodality Imaging in Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Is There a Winner?
Current Cardiology Reviews An Old Drug with a New Purpose: Cardiovascular Actions of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Knockdown of C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) is Protective Against Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
Current Neurovascular Research MiR-147: Functions and Implications in Inflammation and Diseases
MicroRNA Adoptive Regulatory T-cell Therapy Attenuates Subarachnoid Hemor-rhage-induced Cerebral Inflammation by Suppressing TLR4/NF-B Signaling Pathway
Current Neurovascular Research Mast Cells in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Current Vascular Pharmacology Carotid Artery Stenting for the Prevention of Thromboembolic Stroke
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Reactive Oxygen Species in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mobilization After Percutaneous Angioplasty Procedure
Current Pharmaceutical Design Editorial [Hot Topic: Experimental Models for the Study of Drugs Used to Prevent and Treat Vascular Diseases (Executive Editors: C.S. Thompson, D.P. Mikhailidis and K.I. Paraskevas)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design Plasminogen Activator System and Vascular Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology Management and Outcomes of Aortic Dissection in Pregnancy with Marfan Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Current Vascular Pharmacology 9.4T Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Mouse Circle of Willis Enables Serial Characterization of Flow-Induced Vascular Remodeling by Computational Fluid Dynamics
Current Neurovascular Research Jean-Baptiste de Sénac’s (1693-1770) Important Work on Cardiology and Valvular Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Understanding the Molecular and Cellular Changes Behind Aortic Valve Stenosis
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Nimodipine Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: Formulation Optimization Using Factorial Design,Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation
Current Drug Delivery COVID-19 in Children: A Narrative Review
Current Pediatric Reviews Molecular Pathophysiology of Cavernous Nerve Injury and Identification of Strategies for Nerve Function Recovery After Radical Prostatectomy
Current Drug Targets Natural Products to Anti-trypanosomal Drugs: An Overview of New Drug Prototypes for American Trypanosomiasis
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry