Linking Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via Aberrant Insulin Signaling and Inflammation

Mohammad   A.   Kamal; Shubha      Priyamvada; Arivarasu   N.   Anbazhagan; Nasimudeen   R.   Jabir; Shams      Tabrez; Nigel   H.   Greig

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two progressive and devastating health disorders afflicting millions of people worldwide. The probability and incidence of both have increased considerably in recent years consequent to increased longevity and population growth. Progressively more links are being continuously found between inflammation and central nervous system disorders like AD, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury and even cancers of the nervous tissue. The depth of the relationship depends on the timing and extent of anti- or pro-inflammatory gene expression. Inflammation has also been implicated in T2DM. Misfolding and fibrillization (of tissue specific and/or non-specific proteins) are features common to both AD and T2DM and are induced by as well as contribute to inflammation and stress (oxidative/ glycation). This review appraises the roles of inflammation and abnormalities in the insulin signaling system as important shared features of T2DM and AD. The capacity of anti-cholinesterases in reducing the level of certain common inflammatory markers in particular if they may provide therapeutic potential to mitigate awry mechanisms leading to AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Anti-cholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase, Inflammation, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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