Title:Recent Developments on Synthetic Tools Towards Structural and Functional Glycodiversity
VOLUME: 20 ISSUE: 32
Author(s):J. M. Benito and F. Ortega-Caballero
Affiliation:Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC – Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain.
Keywords:Carbohydrates, carbohydrate-based vaccines, glycan arrays, glycoconjugates, glycodiversity, glycosylation, oligosaccharide
synthesis.
Abstract:Despite being the most abundant type of biopolymers in Nature, the biological relevance of carbohydrates has
systematically been underrated for decades, associating them far less sophisticated functions (structural or energy
sourcing) than those unraveled for polynucleotides and proteins. The inherently large and complex diversity of carbohydrates
and glycoconjugates, together with the lack of efficient technologies to either isolate them from natural sources or
produce them synthetically in useful amounts, have burdened the appreciation of their utmost importance in the most fundamental
biological processes. For these reasons, carbohydrate-mediated transmission of biological information was
largely unexplored. However, over the decades, it became clear that the expression of complex carbohydrates is critical in
the development of living systems. Nature uses this diverse repertoire of structures as codes in fundamental biological
processes such as cellular differentiation, cellular signaling, fertilization or immune response, among many others. The
urgency to elucidate the glycan code in terms of structure-function relationships has fuelled chemical biology approaches
uncovering new frontiers in molecular biology, for which the term glycobiology had to be coined in the early 1980s’.
Novel strategies for assembling oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids and a range of glycoconjugates have flourished
ever since providing access to glycomaterials for interrogating and interfering glycan function. This account focuses
on the major breakthroughs made on the strategies during the last decades to synthetically reproduce the overwhelming
glycodiversity, emphasizing on the dazzling array of concepts and techniques which development was required to cope
with the task. In the first place, a succinct overview of the structural and functional diversity of biologically relevant saccharides
and glycoconjugates will be given. Then, a selection of the most relevant strategies that composes the complex
and diversity-oriented toolbox that modern carbohydrate synthesis consists on will be dissected. Finally, a selection of the
most recent applications of this synthetic toolbox to chemical biology will be captured.
