Abstract
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a disorder of altered brain connectivity (i.e. dysconnectivity). Until relatively recently, it was not feasible to test dysconnectivity hypotheses of schizophrenia in vivo. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful tool for mapping functional networks of the brain, such as the default mode network (DMN), and investigating the systems-level pathology of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this article, we review the latest findings from resting-state fMRI studies on schizophrenia. Despite the wide array of methods used and heterogeneity of patient samples, several tentative conclusions may be drawn from the existing literature. 1) Connectivity of the DMN is altered in schizophrenia. Findings vary across studies; however, a majority of investigations reported hyper-connectivity of the DMN. 2) Resting-state connectivity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is reduced in schizophrenia, particularly intra-PFC connectivity. 3) Cortical-subcortical networks, including thalamocortical, frontolimbic, and cortico-cerebellar networks are altered in schizophrenia. 4) Preliminary findings indicate that functional connectivity within auditory/language networks and the basal ganglia is related to specific clinical symptoms, including auditory- verbal hallucinations and delusions. 5) Whole-brain network topology measures based on graph theory indicate that functional brain networks in schizophrenia are characterized by reduced small-worldness, lower degree connectivity of brain hubs, and decreased modularity. 6) Some of the alterations in functional connectivity observed in probands are present in unaffected relatives, raising the possibility that functional dysconnectivity is an endophenotype related to genetic risk for schizophrenia. Combined, these findings provide broad support for dysconnectivity theories of schizophrenia. We conclude our review with a discussion of the limitations of the existing literature and potentially important areas of future research.
Keywords: Schizophrenia, Resting-state fMRI, Dysconnectivity.
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Resting-State Networks in Schizophrenia
Volume: 12 Issue: 21
Author(s): H. Karbasforoushan and N.D. Woodward
Affiliation:
Keywords: Schizophrenia, Resting-state fMRI, Dysconnectivity.
Abstract: Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a disorder of altered brain connectivity (i.e. dysconnectivity). Until relatively recently, it was not feasible to test dysconnectivity hypotheses of schizophrenia in vivo. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful tool for mapping functional networks of the brain, such as the default mode network (DMN), and investigating the systems-level pathology of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this article, we review the latest findings from resting-state fMRI studies on schizophrenia. Despite the wide array of methods used and heterogeneity of patient samples, several tentative conclusions may be drawn from the existing literature. 1) Connectivity of the DMN is altered in schizophrenia. Findings vary across studies; however, a majority of investigations reported hyper-connectivity of the DMN. 2) Resting-state connectivity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is reduced in schizophrenia, particularly intra-PFC connectivity. 3) Cortical-subcortical networks, including thalamocortical, frontolimbic, and cortico-cerebellar networks are altered in schizophrenia. 4) Preliminary findings indicate that functional connectivity within auditory/language networks and the basal ganglia is related to specific clinical symptoms, including auditory- verbal hallucinations and delusions. 5) Whole-brain network topology measures based on graph theory indicate that functional brain networks in schizophrenia are characterized by reduced small-worldness, lower degree connectivity of brain hubs, and decreased modularity. 6) Some of the alterations in functional connectivity observed in probands are present in unaffected relatives, raising the possibility that functional dysconnectivity is an endophenotype related to genetic risk for schizophrenia. Combined, these findings provide broad support for dysconnectivity theories of schizophrenia. We conclude our review with a discussion of the limitations of the existing literature and potentially important areas of future research.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Karbasforoushan H. and Woodward N.D., Resting-State Networks in Schizophrenia, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2012; 12 (21) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611212210011
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611212210011 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Biophysical Modeling and Associated Signal Modeling in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (Discontinued) Increased Neuronal Injury in Clock Gene Per-1 Deficient-Mice after Cerebral Ischemia
Current Neurovascular Research The New Patient and Responsible Self-Medication Practices: A Critical Review
Current Drug Safety Current Prodrug Design for Drug Discovery
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pharmacotherapy for SARS-CoV-2 and Seizures for Drug Repurposing Presumed on Mechanistic Targets
Current Molecular Pharmacology A Concise Review on Multidimensional Silver Nanoparticle Health Aids and Threats
Current Drug Therapy AIDS Vaccines and Reproductive Immunology
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) The Role of Structure Activity Relationship Studies in the Search for New GABA Uptake Inhibitors
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Hallucinations Associated with Topiramate Therapy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Current Drug Safety Phytochemical Screening, In vivo Anthelmintic and Anticonvulsant Activity of Cleome viscosa Linn Seeds Extract
The Natural Products Journal Potential Therapeutic Relevance of Adenosine A2B and A2A Receptors in the Central Nervous System
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2-Oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines Ethyl Esters as Potent β- Glucuronidase Inhibitors: One-pot Synthesis, In vitro and In silico Studies
Medicinal Chemistry Current Issues on Epileptic Women
Current Pharmaceutical Design Lipophilicity and Other Parameters Affecting Brain Penetration
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Central Nervous System Agents Screening the Receptorome Yields Validated Molecular Targets for Drug Discovery
Current Pharmaceutical Design Towards the Molecular Foundations of Glutamatergic-targeted Antidepressants
Current Neuropharmacology Polyphenols Beyond Barriers: A Glimpse into the Brain
Current Neuropharmacology Metabolic Changes in Rat Plasma After Epilepsy by UPLC-MS/MS
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Psychomotor Seizure Test, Neurotoxicity and in vitro Neuroprotection Assay of some Semicarbazone Analogues
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Electrochemical Sensors in the Development of Selective Methods for Antiepileptic Drugs Determination
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening