Abstract
Malaria is one of the major global health problems. About 500 million humans are infected each year, and 1 million, mostly African children, die from malaria annually. No vaccine is yet in sight, and those drugs that have previously served us well are now losing ground against the disease as parasites become resistant to our best compounds. The need for development of new antimalarials is now more urgent than ever. An exciting avenue for development of new drugs emerged recently when it was discovered that the malaria parasites have a previously unrecognized evolutionary history aligned to plants. These parasites contain a subcellular compartment – the apicoplast – which is homologous to the chloroplast of plants and algae, in which photosynthesis occurs. The malaria chloroplast (apicoplast) has lost photosynthesis but it retains many chloroplast pathways, which are otherwise unique to plants. These pathways obviously do not exist in the human host and there has been considerable excitement about using the apicoplast as a parasite-specific Achilles’ Heel. We propose to review the current state of development of novel compounds directed against this emerging target of malaria parasites with emphasis on the chemistry.
Keywords: Apicomplexa, apicoplast, secondary plastid, fosmidomycin, malaria, vaccine, chloroplast pathways, parasite-specific Achilles’ Heel, chloramphenicol, apicomplexan parasites
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:The Apicoplast: A Key Target to Cure Malaria
Volume: 18 Issue: 24
Author(s): James I. MacRae, Eric Marechal, Christophe Biot and Cyrille Y. Botte
Affiliation:
Keywords: Apicomplexa, apicoplast, secondary plastid, fosmidomycin, malaria, vaccine, chloroplast pathways, parasite-specific Achilles’ Heel, chloramphenicol, apicomplexan parasites
Abstract: Malaria is one of the major global health problems. About 500 million humans are infected each year, and 1 million, mostly African children, die from malaria annually. No vaccine is yet in sight, and those drugs that have previously served us well are now losing ground against the disease as parasites become resistant to our best compounds. The need for development of new antimalarials is now more urgent than ever. An exciting avenue for development of new drugs emerged recently when it was discovered that the malaria parasites have a previously unrecognized evolutionary history aligned to plants. These parasites contain a subcellular compartment – the apicoplast – which is homologous to the chloroplast of plants and algae, in which photosynthesis occurs. The malaria chloroplast (apicoplast) has lost photosynthesis but it retains many chloroplast pathways, which are otherwise unique to plants. These pathways obviously do not exist in the human host and there has been considerable excitement about using the apicoplast as a parasite-specific Achilles’ Heel. We propose to review the current state of development of novel compounds directed against this emerging target of malaria parasites with emphasis on the chemistry.
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Cite this article as:
I. MacRae James, Marechal Eric, Biot Christophe and Y. Botte Cyrille, The Apicoplast: A Key Target to Cure Malaria, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012; 18 (24) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212801327275
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212801327275 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
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