<![CDATA[Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (Volume 24 - Issue 5)]]> https://www.eurekaselect.com/journal/54 RSS Feed for Journals | BenthamScience EurekaSelect (+https://www.eurekaselect.com) 2024-03-25 <![CDATA[Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (Volume 24 - Issue 5)]]> https://www.eurekaselect.com/journal/54 <![CDATA[<i>Leptospirosis</i> Associated Digital Gangrene of Lower Extremities: Two Cases and Review of Literature]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1376422024-03-25Background: Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic illness worldwide, caused by pathogenic spirochete bacteria called Leptospirosis. It is clinically presented with mild to moderate in most cases. However, sometimes, the course may be severe with multiorgan dysfunction.

Case Presentation: We present two rare cases of Leptospirosis with peripheral dry gangrene of the lower extremities. A 25-year-old male, farmer by occupation without any significant past medical history had been diagnosed with a case of Leptospirosis that complicated to digital gangrene on 15 days of illness during hospitalization. Another 21-year-old male student was admitted for leptospirosis and developed digital gangrene on 19 days of illness. All clinical findings were resolved on the steroid.

Conclusion: Apart from a high index of suspicion and awareness of unusual manifestations, serology plays a vital role in making an accurate and quick diagnosis to initiate appropriate therapy.

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<![CDATA[Ameliorating Gonorrhea: Recent Therapeutic Adaptations and Scope to Improve its Prevailing Condition]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1375152024-03-25Background: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. According to recent research, the prevalence of gonorrhea has been increasing in many parts of the world, with some areas reporting high rates of antibiotic resistance. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that the number of reported gonorrhea cases increased by 56% between 2015 and 2019. Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were 87 million new cases of gonorrhea in 2016, with the highest burden of infection in low- and middle-income countries. Research has also shown that gonorrhea is becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotics, increasing the prevalence of gonorrhea. This raises concerns and challenges in disease management.

Objectives: The present review gives updated insight on the current state of the disease, challenges, and shortcomings of existing approaches along with the modern and alternative direction like vaccine development, its challenges, and scope to confront the existing state of drug resistance and increased rate of incidence. Alternative strategies like immunotherapy and phage therapy along with recent antibiotics researched for the treatment of gonorrhea.

Conclusion: The review provides a thorough insight into the current state of the disease and various available methods used currently and recommended by WHO. To overcome disease prevalence, various alternate therapies are coming into the limelight. However, scientists and researchers show a lack of interest in the drug development and research of gonorrhea, due to less commercial scope, lack of funding, and limited scope in the scientific scenario. These hurdles need to be overcome to meet the WHO vision of reducing gonorrhea by 90% by 2030. So, there is a need to optimize the drug therapy (optimizing dosing schedule, and precision monitoring) to reduce the chance of drug resistance. Also, there is a wide scope for drug and therapeutic system development.

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<![CDATA[<i>Mycobacterium flavescens</i> Infection - An Unusual Case of Prosthetic Joint Infection]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1374572024-03-25Introduction: The onset of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) is characterized by early onset defined as within 90 days of the procedure, delayed onset defined as within 3 to 12 months, and late onset defined as over 12 months. In only a scant number of case reports, Mycobacterium flavescens associated infections are typically found in sputum cultures and associated with various forms of penetrating joint traumas, particularly post-surgical interventions. Due to its rarity in presentation among cases of PJIs, we have presented a case of PJI caused by Mycobacterium flavescens.

Case Presentation: We have, herein, reported a case of a 70-year-old male presenting with stabbing left knee pain over the past several months along with accompanying erythema and swelling with the presence of purulent discharge. Outpatient cultures have shown the growth of Mycobacterium flavescent; subsequently, the patient underwent a 2-stage revision arthroplasty and was treated with a three-drug regimen and implant 5 months later. Although being an atypical cause of PJIs, we emphasize the importance of considering NTM as a differential for immunocompromised patients, especially those with prior surgical intervention.

Discussion: Mycobacterium spp. related PJIs manifest clinical features similar to other bacteriacausing PJIs, such as warm, indurated edema at the surgical site resulting in wound dehiscence and joint effusion. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium spp. related PJIs includes history and physical examination findings, serum inflammatory markers, synovial fluid analysis, and culture. Concurrently with surgical interventions, utilization of antimicrobial agents provides additional control in Mycobacterium- related PJI. Mycobacterium flavescens should be included among other NTMs as a possible cause of PJIs.

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<![CDATA[Exosomes: Friends or Foes in Microbial Infections?]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1374432024-03-25 <![CDATA[Different Strategies Targeting Gut Microbiota for the Management of Several Disorders: A Sustainable Approach]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1373912024-03-25Background: A potential limelight is flashed on the Gut Microbiota (GM) in the human body, which confers additional psychological as well as physiological attributes to health. Other than just occupying a wide portion of the gastrointestinal tract, it also plays numerous functions in the systems of the body. Gut Microbiota is largely responsible for a considerably vast array of conditions such as obesity, diabetes ,other metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular disorders. Strategies targeting the gut microbiota have been proposed as a promising approach for the management of these disorders.

Objective: This review aims to summarize the different strategies targeting the gut microbiota for the management of several disorders and to highlight the importance of a sustainable approach.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using various databases between 2008 and 2022 that focused on the use of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary interventions, and antibiotics.

Results: Different strategies targeting the gut microbiota for the management of several disorders were identified, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions. Modification in diet and lifestyle, allowing favorable microbiota growth in the stomach, intake of prebiotics and probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation are amongst the widely accepted recent approaches allowing the application of GM in the field of treatment.

Conclusion: Although considerable steps in enhancing and understanding the mechanism of treatment with the help of gut microbiota are under progress, much diversified and elaborate research must be conducted in order to enhance and implement the use of GM with high effectiveness.

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<![CDATA[Cracking the Code of Lumpy Skin Disease: Identifying Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options for Livestock Farmers]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1373532024-03-25 <![CDATA[Future Opportunities in Malaria Management Offered by Probiotics]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1373542024-03-25 <![CDATA[Efficacy and Prolonged Safety of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Type b Conjugate Vaccines]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1373612024-03-25Objective: The purpose of this study was to find data proving the influence of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccination on the frequency of invasive Hib illness.

Methodology: A systematic literature search was conducted on the PubMed database to identify peerreviewed publications pertaining to the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, both before and after the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines. The search query employed a combination of relevant keywords, including \"invasive,\" \"Haemophilus,\" \"influenzae,\" \"meningitis,\" and specific serotype b (Hib). Additionally, terms related to epidemiology, burden, risk factors, impact, Hib vaccine, Hib conjugate vaccine, combination vaccine, vaccine production, efficacy, immunisation coverage, surveillance, review, clinical aspects, outcomes, and various age groups (adults and children) were incorporated.

Result: The search encompassed articles published till now. Subsequently, relevant research papers concerning Haemophilus influenzae meningitis were subjected to a comprehensive review and analysis.

Conclusion: The Hib conjugate vaccination has shown to be extremely effective when administered to the entire population. However, changes to the immunisation protocol appear to be required in order to effectively manage invasive Hib illness.

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