Dominant Algorithms to Evaluate Artificial Intelligence: From the view of Throughput Model

The Fourth Industrial Revolution generation has ushered in extremely sophisticated digital apparatuses that have taken the place of manual processing to ensure higher automation and sophistication. Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides the tools to exhibit human-like behaviors while adjusting to the newly given inputs and accommodating change in the environment. Moreover, the tech-giants such as Amazon, Apple, IBM, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and many others are investing in generating AI-driven products to facilitate the market demands for sophisticated automation. AI will continually influence areas such as job opportunities, environmental protection, healthcare, and other areas in economic and social systems.

Individuals and organizations need to make decisions daily. Given limited time in formulating issues and addressing problems, individuals and organizations must enjoy a certain degree of discretion in planning, revising, and implementing strategies. The Throughput Model facilitates individuals and organizations to simplify process models by modeling perception, information, judgment, and decision choice in a parallel modeling and neural network system. In addition, the Throughput Model allows for a fundamental and wide-ranging approach to understanding first through fifth dimensions dealing with problem solving as well as advancing our knowledge towards quantum computing

Algorithms have been implemented to benefit decision-making for hundreds of years and pre-date computers. While algorithms are hardly a contemporary invention, they are nonetheless progressively intricate in systems implemented to support decisionmaking. Algorithmic decision-making is the processing of input data or perceptual processing to influence a judgment or decision choice. Further, algorithms are utilized to support decisions such as prioritization, classification, association, and filtering. This chapter illustrates a broad introduction to six fundamental algorithms for decision making. These algorithms in total make up the Throughput Model. Each algorithm is clearly presented and can comprehensively assist individuals and organizations in considering a wide range of issues. 

The Expedient Algorithmic Pathway (P→D) represents an individual or organization with a certain level of expertise providing a decision without the assistance of information since the information may be too noisy, incomplete, inadequately understood, or the alternatives cannot be differentiated. In addition, time pressures may circumvent an individual or organization from analyzing the available information. This algorithm is very useful in AI applications ranging from data gathering to problem solving.

The Ruling Guide Algorithmic Pathway (P→J→D) elucidates a decision-making process from perception through judgment to decision choice. This algorithmic pathway is portrayed as a perceptual framing of the decision in which a person or organization may have biases and strategies, time pressures, a rejection of new informational sources, and a certain degree of expertise. This algorithmic pathway is correspondingly helpful in handling situations from both stable and unstable environments

The Analytical Algorithmic Pathway, I→J→D, involves of attaining the most usefulness from an individual or organization decision given reliable and relevant information. On the other hand, information that is incomplete, noisy, and/or difficult to interpret deteriorates the interpretation of this algorithmic pathway. This algorithmic pathway shoulders that all information is known, the environment is controllable, and the information is precise, in that it can be related to other events, or that it can be rated or ranked. Characteristically, the environment is stable, and the information and events are precise.

The Revisionist Algorithmic Pathway (I→P→D) focusses on an unstructured environment whereby people or organizations may use all available information to influence their perception before rendering a decision. In this situation, the information can be complete or incomplete. Nonetheless, due to the vagueness of the event it becomes challenging for individuals or organizations to model the data according to rating, ranking, or ordering. Hence, the use of this algorithmic pathway is highly dependent on information changing resulting in a alteration of how individuals or organizations perceive a situation.

The Value Driven Algorithmic Pathway (P→I→J→D) designates how people or organizational perceptual framing assists in guiding and selecting types of information utilized in the judgmental stage. This algorithmic pathway is motivated by information processing limitations, complexity, and coherence between perception and the available information. Therefore, to take this algorithmic pathway, a person or organization’s perception is modified and selected as the information that will be analyzed for a decision choice. 

The Global Perspective Algorithmic Pathway (I→P→J→D) takes into deliberation all types of information sources. This algorithmic pathway requests for an open-minded approach in which all possible information sources will be considered that can assist to update and modify a person or organization’s perceptual frame. This process begins with information revising perception, followed by judgment to the decision choice. This algorithmic pathway is most ideal when there are no time pressures that will bound the time it takes to assemble the information and analyze the problem.

AI and related digital technologies have practically weaved its way through everything the 21st Century is tied to for performance and productivity. It provides individuals and organizations with a better, closer, more holistic view of solutions as never before. For most organizations, speed is essential on today’s landscape. Furthermore, AI, machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, big data, and other digital technologies assist individuals and organizations to collaborate with others in real time and connect processes and data to rapidly build trust and confidence.

All around the planet, individuals and organizations have had to suddenly re-evaluate their plans. The necessity to innovate and transform organizations to the new frontier is upon us now. AI and its related digital technologies have taken over the traditional computing methods, changing how many individuals and organizations perform their day-to-day operations. From research and manufacturing to modernizing finance and healthcare streams, leading AI has transformed the entire tapestry in economic, political, and social endeavors in a relatively short amount of time. Moreover, the Throughput Model algorithmic processes can assist in the digital transformation and adoption of AI and related digital technologies by organizations by providing essential algorithms to solve and optimize many core challenges in the world today. These algorithms can be applied directly to assist programmers when it comes to designing software systems, detecting, and overcoming software bugs, as well as when it comes to writing code. By utilizing the Throughput Model algorithmic pathways may assist the structure of the code, which can provide the AI system with useful suggestions, not only improving the overall productivity but also assist in reducing wasteful time, confusion as well as ethical dilemmas.