Abstract
In both men and women, age-related loss of sex steroid hormones has been linked to an increased risk for Alzheimers disease (AD). The primary female hormone estrogen, and the primary male hormone testosterone have numerous protective effects in the brain relevant to the prevention of AD such as the promotion of neuron viability, reduction of β- amyloid accumulation and alleviation of tau hyperphosphorylation. Therefore it has been hypothesized that the precipitous loss of these hormones either through menopause or normal aging, can increase susceptibility to AD pathogenesis. This review will discuss the basic science research and epidemiological evidence largely supporting this hypothesis, as well as the estrogen-based hormone therapy clinical findings that have recently shed doubt on this theory. The complications associated with estrogen-based hormone therapy such as the inclusion of a progestogen, hormone responsiveness with age, and natural vs. synthetic hormones will be discussed. Further, we will outline the cancer risks facing both estrogen and testosterone-based hormone therapy. Most importantly, this review will discuss the present and future strategies to translate the neuroprotective properties of sex steroid hormones into safe and efficacious treatments for AD. One of the most promising translational tools thus far may be the development of selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators. However, additional research is needed to optimize these and other translational tools towards the successful use of hormone therapies in both men and women to delay, prevent, and or treat AD.
Keywords: Estrogen, testosterone, hormone therapy, Alzheimer's disease, neuroprotection, cancer risks, progesterone, Neuron Viability, signaling pathways
Current Alzheimer Research
Title: The Potential Use of Hormone-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimers Disease
Volume: 9 Issue: 1
Author(s): Jenna C. Carroll and Emily R. Rosario
Affiliation:
Keywords: Estrogen, testosterone, hormone therapy, Alzheimer's disease, neuroprotection, cancer risks, progesterone, Neuron Viability, signaling pathways
Abstract: In both men and women, age-related loss of sex steroid hormones has been linked to an increased risk for Alzheimers disease (AD). The primary female hormone estrogen, and the primary male hormone testosterone have numerous protective effects in the brain relevant to the prevention of AD such as the promotion of neuron viability, reduction of β- amyloid accumulation and alleviation of tau hyperphosphorylation. Therefore it has been hypothesized that the precipitous loss of these hormones either through menopause or normal aging, can increase susceptibility to AD pathogenesis. This review will discuss the basic science research and epidemiological evidence largely supporting this hypothesis, as well as the estrogen-based hormone therapy clinical findings that have recently shed doubt on this theory. The complications associated with estrogen-based hormone therapy such as the inclusion of a progestogen, hormone responsiveness with age, and natural vs. synthetic hormones will be discussed. Further, we will outline the cancer risks facing both estrogen and testosterone-based hormone therapy. Most importantly, this review will discuss the present and future strategies to translate the neuroprotective properties of sex steroid hormones into safe and efficacious treatments for AD. One of the most promising translational tools thus far may be the development of selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators. However, additional research is needed to optimize these and other translational tools towards the successful use of hormone therapies in both men and women to delay, prevent, and or treat AD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
C. Carroll Jenna and R. Rosario Emily, The Potential Use of Hormone-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimers Disease, Current Alzheimer Research 2012; 9 (1) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720512799015109
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720512799015109 |
Print ISSN 1567-2050 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5828 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
New Advances in the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Alzheimer's Disease
Aims and Scope: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing prevalence that demands concerted efforts to advance our understanding and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. This thematic issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and innovative approaches from multidisciplinary perspectives to address ...read more
Current updates on the Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neuroinflammation is an invariable hallmark of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders and has long been considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and dementia. Significant evidence of inflammatory processes as a feature of AD is provided by the presence of inflammatory markers in plasma, CSF and postmortem brain ...read more
Deep Learning for Advancing Alzheimer's Disease Research
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of individuals affected yearly. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has shown immense potential in various domains, including healthcare. This thematic issue of Current Alzheimer Research explores the application of deep learning techniques in advancing our ...read more
Diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of dementia
Dementia affects 18 million people worldwide. Dementia is a syndrome of symptoms caused by brain disease, usually chronic or progressive, clinically characterized by multiple impairments of higher cortical functions such as memory, thinking, orientation, and learning. In addition, in the course of dementia, cognitive deficits are observed, which often hinder ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Nitroimidazole Radiopharmaceuticals in Bioimaging: Part I: Synthesis and Imaging Applications
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis by Antibodies, Synthetic Small Molecules and Natural Products
Current Medicinal Chemistry Higher Waist Circumference, Fasting Hyperinsulinemia And Insulin Resistance Characterize Hypertensive Patients With Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets The Importance of Novel Inflammatory Biomarkers in Renal Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Oxidative-Nitrosative Stress as a Contributing Factor to Cardiovascular Disease in Subjects with Diabetes
Current Vascular Pharmacology The Heart and Brain Imaging in Lone Atrial Fibrillation – Are We Surprised?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Statins in Diabetes Complications
Current Diabetes Reviews QT Alterations in Psychopharmacology: Proven Candidates and Suspects
Current Drug Safety Metabolic Syndrome and Asthma
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Salusins in Hypertension and Related Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Drug Metabolism Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Prediction of New Structures by Comparative Analysis
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Pharmacology of LXR
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Prospectives of Antihypertensive Nano-ceuticals as Alternative Therapeutics
Current Drug Targets Review: Technegas - 99mTc-Metal Core Graphite Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Ventilation Imaging
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation. Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Virgin Olive Oil and the Phenolic Compound Oleocanthal
Current Pharmaceutical Design Prostaglandin EP Receptor Subtypes Involved in Regulating HCO3- Secretion from Gastroduodenal Mucosa
Current Pharmaceutical Design QSAR Modeling for the Antimalarial Activity of 1,4-Naphthoquinonyl Derivatives as Potential Antimalarial Agents
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design Roles of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in the Regulation of CYP Genes
Current Drug Metabolism Recent Applications of Peanut Phytoalexins
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture Plasminogen Activator System and Vascular Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology