Abstract
Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside present ubiquitously throughout the body as a metabolic intermediate. Besides its metabolic role within the cells, adenosine is released into the extracellular space either by neurons or astrocytes acting as a neuromodulator. Extracellular adenosine exerts its action by activating multiple G-protein coupled receptors (subtypes A1, A2A, A2B and A3) having a wide range of physiological effects in the brain. Adenosine levels rise markedly in response to ischemia, hypoxia, excitotoxicity or inflammation being a neuroprotectant under these conditions. However, adenosine may also contribute to neuronal damage and cell death in other circumstances. These actions are firmly established using multiple animal models. Therefore, increasing attention is now given to the role of adenosine in human brain function and its potential benefit for clinical applications. This review covers recent studies undertaken mostly in humans revealing the actions of adenosine and related drugs in cognition and memory as well as in various pathological situations such as psychiatric disorders, drug addiction and neurodegenerative disorders. The actual use of adenosine or adenosine receptor ligands in ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia, panic disorder and anxiety, cocaine dependence and Parkinsons disease is discussed. The evidence herein reviewed highlights the promising potential of adenosine or adenosine receptor ligands as therapeutic agents in several brain disorders.
Keywords: Adenosine, caffeine, brain, human, clinical trials, drug addiction, neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, neurons, neuromodulator, neuronal damage, adenosine receptor ligands, multiple G-protein, metabolic substrates
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Adenosine and Related Drugs in Brain Diseases: Present and Future in Clinical Trials
Volume: 11 Issue: 8
Author(s): Luisa V. Lopes, Ana M. Sebastiao and Joaquim A. Ribeiro
Affiliation:
Keywords: Adenosine, caffeine, brain, human, clinical trials, drug addiction, neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, neurons, neuromodulator, neuronal damage, adenosine receptor ligands, multiple G-protein, metabolic substrates
Abstract: Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside present ubiquitously throughout the body as a metabolic intermediate. Besides its metabolic role within the cells, adenosine is released into the extracellular space either by neurons or astrocytes acting as a neuromodulator. Extracellular adenosine exerts its action by activating multiple G-protein coupled receptors (subtypes A1, A2A, A2B and A3) having a wide range of physiological effects in the brain. Adenosine levels rise markedly in response to ischemia, hypoxia, excitotoxicity or inflammation being a neuroprotectant under these conditions. However, adenosine may also contribute to neuronal damage and cell death in other circumstances. These actions are firmly established using multiple animal models. Therefore, increasing attention is now given to the role of adenosine in human brain function and its potential benefit for clinical applications. This review covers recent studies undertaken mostly in humans revealing the actions of adenosine and related drugs in cognition and memory as well as in various pathological situations such as psychiatric disorders, drug addiction and neurodegenerative disorders. The actual use of adenosine or adenosine receptor ligands in ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia, panic disorder and anxiety, cocaine dependence and Parkinsons disease is discussed. The evidence herein reviewed highlights the promising potential of adenosine or adenosine receptor ligands as therapeutic agents in several brain disorders.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
V. Lopes Luisa, M. Sebastiao Ana and A. Ribeiro Joaquim, Adenosine and Related Drugs in Brain Diseases: Present and Future in Clinical Trials, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611795347591
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611795347591 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Effect on the Intestine of Some Fungal Toxins: The Trichothecenes
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Regional Distribution and Kinetics of Inhaled Pharmaceuticals
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nesfatin-1; Implication in Stress and Stress-associated Anxiety and Depression
Current Pharmaceutical Design Etoposide, Topoisomerase II and Cancer
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents Immune Therapy for Infectious Diseases at the Dawn of the 21st Century: the Past, Present and Future Role of Antibody Therapy, Therapeutic Vaccination and Biological Response Modifiers
Current Pharmaceutical Design Promising Activity of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors in Hematologic Malignancies Therapy
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Signal transduction in Acute Myeloid Leukemia – Implications for Novel Therapeutic Concepts.
Current Cancer Drug Targets Choosing Optimal Firstline Helicobacter pylori Therapy: a View from a Region with High Rates of Antibiotic Resistance
Current Pharmaceutical Design Old Drugs-Current Perspectives
Current Pharmacogenomics Ventilation/Perfusion SPECT - A New Challenge for Detection of Pulmonary Embolism. Can Multi Detector Computed Tomography Replace Lung Scintigraphy?
Current Medical Imaging Glycomics: Relevance for Personalized Medicine
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Melatonin and Male Reproductive Health: Relevance of Darkness and Antioxidant Properties
Current Molecular Medicine Peptoids: Bio-Inspired Polymers as Potential Pharmaceuticals
Current Pharmaceutical Design Folate Nutrigenetics: A Convergence of Dietary Folate Metabolism, Folic Acid Supplementation, and Folate Antagonist Pharmacogenetics
Drug Metabolism Letters Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Its Relationship with mTOR Signaling and Oxidative Damage in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Intestinal Dysbiosis, Gut Hyperpermeability and Bacterial Translocation: Missing Links Between Depression, Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System
Current Nanoscience Urine Cells-derived iPSCs: An Upcoming Frontier in Regenerative Medicine
Current Medicinal Chemistry Long-term Exposure to Cadmium in Food and Cigarette Smoke, Liver Effects and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Current Drug Metabolism Derivatives of IL-16 to Modulate Airway Inflammation
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry