Abstract
Inflammation is a complex immune response to cellular and tissue damage caused by physical, chemical, immunological, or microbial stimuli [1]. Prior to the successful launch of the anti-cytokine biologics [2-4], therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease were associated with severe side effects. Although biological agents have revolutionized the treatment of inflammatory disorders, the high costs and inconvenient dosing regimens would greatly benefit from novel safe and effective orally active inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL) 1β. The clinical benefit of anticytokine therapy [5] and the central role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α [6] suggest that p38 MAP kinase is a promising target for antiinflammatory therapy [7-14]. Since 1993 an immense number of inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase have been characterized. To date, aside from the well known pyridinylimidazoles, multiple novel scaffolds have been identified, but only a small number have advanced into clinical phase II studies [15], probably due to high toxicity and poor selectivity [16]. To gain safe drug profiles, high potency, marginal CYP450 (cytochrome P450) interaction and toxicity, as well as high levels of selectivity would be desirable. This review will summarize current knowledge on p38 MAP kinase inhibitors and will critically discuss proceedings and strategies toward achieving selectivity and potency.
Keywords: p38 MAP kinase, p38 inhibitors, selectivity, potency, binding modes, DFG-in, DFG-out
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Successful Structure-Based Design of Recent p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors
Volume: 9 Issue: 7
Author(s): Solveigh C. Karcher and Stefan A. Laufer
Affiliation:
Keywords: p38 MAP kinase, p38 inhibitors, selectivity, potency, binding modes, DFG-in, DFG-out
Abstract: Inflammation is a complex immune response to cellular and tissue damage caused by physical, chemical, immunological, or microbial stimuli [1]. Prior to the successful launch of the anti-cytokine biologics [2-4], therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease were associated with severe side effects. Although biological agents have revolutionized the treatment of inflammatory disorders, the high costs and inconvenient dosing regimens would greatly benefit from novel safe and effective orally active inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL) 1β. The clinical benefit of anticytokine therapy [5] and the central role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α [6] suggest that p38 MAP kinase is a promising target for antiinflammatory therapy [7-14]. Since 1993 an immense number of inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase have been characterized. To date, aside from the well known pyridinylimidazoles, multiple novel scaffolds have been identified, but only a small number have advanced into clinical phase II studies [15], probably due to high toxicity and poor selectivity [16]. To gain safe drug profiles, high potency, marginal CYP450 (cytochrome P450) interaction and toxicity, as well as high levels of selectivity would be desirable. This review will summarize current knowledge on p38 MAP kinase inhibitors and will critically discuss proceedings and strategies toward achieving selectivity and potency.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Karcher C. Solveigh and Laufer A. Stefan, Successful Structure-Based Design of Recent p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2009; 9 (7) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802609789007363
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802609789007363 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Cytokines and Chemokines as Regulators of Angiogenesis in Health and Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mast Cells and Basophils: Trojan Horses of Conventional Lin- Stem/Progenitor Cell Isolates
Current Pharmaceutical Design Modulation of Protein-Protein Interactions as a Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Tauopathies
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry From Test Tube to Clinical Trial; Promising Herbs with NF-κB and COX- 2 Activity
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) FK506: Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Inhibition of Lethal Endotoxin Shock with an L-Pyridylalanine Containing Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Selected by High-Throughput Screening of a New Peptide Library
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Development of Microemulsion Based Nabumetone Transdermal Delivery for Treatment of Arthritis
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP): A New Biochemical Marker of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
Current Cardiology Reviews Anti-inflammatory Potential of Alkaloids as a Promising Therapeutic Modality
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Statistical Identification of Gene-gene Interactions Triggered By Nonlinear Environmental Modulation
Current Genomics Signal transduction in Acute Myeloid Leukemia – Implications for Novel Therapeutic Concepts.
Current Cancer Drug Targets Neuro-Inflammatory Mechanisms in Developmental Disorders Associated with Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Neuro- Immune Perspective
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Prevalence and Risk Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis in the Proteomics Era
Current Bioinformatics Imaging Epigenetics in Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Gamma Linolenic Acid: An Antiinflammatory Omega-6 Fatty Acid
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Advances in Hyaluronic Acid-Based Drug Delivery Systems
Current Drug Targets Functions of S100 Proteins
Current Molecular Medicine Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: a Key Player in the Pathophysiology of Endothelial Dysfunction, Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Therapeutic Potential of Non-Coding RNAs and TLR Signalling Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology