Abstract
ATP is an important neurotransmitter being released with noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) from perivascular sympathetic nerves; it acts at postjunctional P2X receptors to evoke vascular smooth muscle contraction, often synergising with the effects of NA acting at α-adrenoceptors. There is growing evidence for ATP as a neurotransmitter in perivascular non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves. In addition, ATP can act as a facilitatory and inhibitory neuromodulator via prejunctional P2 receptors. ATP is rapidly broken down, by ectonucleotidases, to adenosine which can also regulate the release of neurotransmitters via inhibitory prejunctional A1 adenosine receptors. The relative contributions of ATP and NA as functional cotransmitters varies with species, age, type and size of blood vessel, frequency and duration of stimulation, the tone/pressure of the blood vessel, and in disease. Blood vessel tone/pressure itself can be influenced by the vasocontractile and vasorelaxant actions of purines at different subtypes of P1 and P2 receptors, following release from the endothelium, smooth muscle, erythrocytes and platelets, as well as from perivascular nerves. This review focuses on the role of ATP as a cotransmitter in perivascular nerves in physiological and pathophysiological conditions; neuromodulator roles of purines are also discussed.
Keywords: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), neurotransmission, noradrenaline, perivascular nerves, P2 receptors, purines, sensory nerves, sympathetic nerves
Current Vascular Pharmacology
Title: Purines as Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in Blood Vessels
Volume: 7 Issue: 1
Author(s): Vera Ralevic
Affiliation:
Keywords: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), neurotransmission, noradrenaline, perivascular nerves, P2 receptors, purines, sensory nerves, sympathetic nerves
Abstract: ATP is an important neurotransmitter being released with noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) from perivascular sympathetic nerves; it acts at postjunctional P2X receptors to evoke vascular smooth muscle contraction, often synergising with the effects of NA acting at α-adrenoceptors. There is growing evidence for ATP as a neurotransmitter in perivascular non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves. In addition, ATP can act as a facilitatory and inhibitory neuromodulator via prejunctional P2 receptors. ATP is rapidly broken down, by ectonucleotidases, to adenosine which can also regulate the release of neurotransmitters via inhibitory prejunctional A1 adenosine receptors. The relative contributions of ATP and NA as functional cotransmitters varies with species, age, type and size of blood vessel, frequency and duration of stimulation, the tone/pressure of the blood vessel, and in disease. Blood vessel tone/pressure itself can be influenced by the vasocontractile and vasorelaxant actions of purines at different subtypes of P1 and P2 receptors, following release from the endothelium, smooth muscle, erythrocytes and platelets, as well as from perivascular nerves. This review focuses on the role of ATP as a cotransmitter in perivascular nerves in physiological and pathophysiological conditions; neuromodulator roles of purines are also discussed.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Ralevic Vera, Purines as Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in Blood Vessels, Current Vascular Pharmacology 2009; 7 (1) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016109787354123
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016109787354123 |
Print ISSN 1570-1611 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6212 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapy
Ischemic cardiovascular disease includes myocardial infarction, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, angina pectoris, etc., constitute the leading cause of patient mortality by preventing tissues from getting sufficient oxygen and nutrients. Ischemic heart disease, as a clinical condition, is characterized by myocardial ischemia, causing an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand, ...read more
TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC AND END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease still remains the leading cause of death in Chronic and End Stage Kidney Disease, accounting for more than half of all deaths in dialysis patients. During the past decade, research has been focused on novel therapeutic agents that might delay or even reverse cardiovascular disease and vascular calcification, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Neurovascular Complications of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): From Pathophysiology to Recent Treatment Options
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Vascular Calcification and Subendocardial Ischemia in Hemodialysis Patients: A New Morpho-Functional Score to Assess Cardiovascular Risk: the Solofra Score
Current Hypertension Reviews ESVS Guidelines: Section A - Prevention in Patients with Carotid Stenosis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Neurotransplantation Therapy and Cerebellar Reserve
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Recognition and Impact of Host-derived Molecules on Bacterial Cell-tocell Signalling Pathways
Medicinal Chemistry Inflammatory Systemic Biomarkers in Setting Acute Coronary Syndromes - Effects of the Diurnal Variation
Current Drug Targets Targeting Vascular Disease in Systemic Sclerosis
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Nutritional Status and Lipid Profile in HIV-Infected Adults
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Expressions of eNOS3 and Ve-Cadherin in Microvascular Endothelium at 7-Day of Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Endothelial Effects of Drugs Designed to Treat Erectile Dysfunction
Current Pharmaceutical Design Revisiting the J-curve Phenomenon. An Old New Concept?
Current Hypertension Reviews Evaluation of Serine Protease Inhibitors as Potent FVIIa-sTF Inhibitors in the Blood Coagulation Cascade
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Haptoglobin Phenotype Correlates with the Extent of Cerebral Deep White Matter Lesions in Hypertensive Patients
Current Neurovascular Research Prevention of Atherosclerosis by Interference with the Vascular Nitric Oxide System
Current Pharmaceutical Design Use of BNP and CRP as Biomarkers in Assessing Cardiovascular Disease:Diagnosis Versus Risk
Current Vascular Pharmacology Novel Strategies for Preventing Diabetes and Obesity Complications with Natural Polyphenols
Current Medicinal Chemistry Editorial (Thematic Issue: Mechanisms of Atherogenesis and Development of Anti-Atherosclerotic Therapy)
Current Pharmaceutical Design Restless Leg Syndrome Associated with Atypical Antipsychotics: Current Status, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Implications
Current Drug Safety Stroke Prevention in Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation: New Insight in Selection of Rhythm or Rate Control Therapy and Impact of Mean Platelet Volume
Current Pharmaceutical Design Use of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering
Current Tissue Engineering (Discontinued)