Abstract
The skin is the ultimate example of the function of innate immunity, it alerts the host of danger by many systems including sensing pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs) through Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), yet normally provides defense without inflammation. The skin responds rapidly to invading microbes by producing antimicrobial peptides or other antimicrobial intermediates before cytokine release results in inflammation. To achieve maximal immune responses for clearing invading microbes, the activation of select PRRs in skin then initiates and shapes adaptive immune responses through the activation of dendritic cells and recruitment of T cell subsets. Importantly, cross-talk between TLRs can influence this system in several ways including augmenting or suppressing the immune response. As a consequence of their pivotal role, TLR responses need to be tightly controlled by associated negative regulators or negative feedback loops to prevent detrimental effects from TLRs overactivation. This review focuses on describing the involvement of TLRs in the development of skin infections and inflammatory diseases, and highlights the potential application of TLR agonists or antagonists in these skin diseases.
Keywords: Toll-like receptors, TLR signaling, inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, cross talk, negative regulators, skin infections, inflammatory diseases
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets
Title: Toll-Like Receptors in Skin Infections and Inflammatory Diseases
Volume: 8 Issue: 3
Author(s): Yuping Lai and Richard L. Gallo
Affiliation:
Keywords: Toll-like receptors, TLR signaling, inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, cross talk, negative regulators, skin infections, inflammatory diseases
Abstract: The skin is the ultimate example of the function of innate immunity, it alerts the host of danger by many systems including sensing pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs) through Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), yet normally provides defense without inflammation. The skin responds rapidly to invading microbes by producing antimicrobial peptides or other antimicrobial intermediates before cytokine release results in inflammation. To achieve maximal immune responses for clearing invading microbes, the activation of select PRRs in skin then initiates and shapes adaptive immune responses through the activation of dendritic cells and recruitment of T cell subsets. Importantly, cross-talk between TLRs can influence this system in several ways including augmenting or suppressing the immune response. As a consequence of their pivotal role, TLR responses need to be tightly controlled by associated negative regulators or negative feedback loops to prevent detrimental effects from TLRs overactivation. This review focuses on describing the involvement of TLRs in the development of skin infections and inflammatory diseases, and highlights the potential application of TLR agonists or antagonists in these skin diseases.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Lai Yuping and Gallo L. Richard, Toll-Like Receptors in Skin Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 2008; 8 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526510808030144
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526510808030144 |
Print ISSN 1871-5265 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 2212-3989 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Hallmarks in the Therapeutic Approach of Aortic Aneurysms: The Main Contributors
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nursing Assessment, Education, and Care of Extremely Premature Neonates with Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Current Pediatric Reviews Potential Application of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Treatment of Bacterial Biofilm Infections
Current Pharmaceutical Design Riboswitches as Potential Targets for the Development of Anti-Biofilm Drugs
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Linezolid Induced Skin Reactions in a Multi Drug Resistant Infective Endocarditis Patient: A Rare Case
Current Drug Safety Polyproline and Triple Helix Motifs in Host-Pathogen Recognition
Current Protein & Peptide Science Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques used for the Determination of Fluoroquinolones in Pharmaceuticals and Samples of Biological Origin - A Review Article
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis The FDG-PET Revolution of Medical Imaging – Four Decades and Beyond
Current Molecular Imaging (Discontinued) Levosimendan: A New Inodilatory Drug for the Treatment of Decompensated Heart Failure
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Gut Mucosa as a Site for Induction of Regulatory T-Cells
Current Pharmaceutical Design Myocardial Infarction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus – the Sex-Specific Risk Profile
Current Pharmaceutical Design Central Nervous System Vasculitis: Still More Questions than Answers
Current Neuropharmacology Mass Spectrometry-Based Approaches for the Detection of Proteins of Staphylococcus Species
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Magnetite Nanoshuttles for Fighting Staphylococcus aureus Infections: A Recent Review
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Current Status of Newer Antiinfectives
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (Marantic Endocarditis) in Cancer Patients
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism and Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Current Pharmaceutical Design Macrolides Allergy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Contrast Enhanced Sonography for Diagnosis of (Peri-) Splenic Pathology
Current Medical Imaging Infection and Hemodialysis Access: An Updated Review.
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets