Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases and is typically identified by measuring blood pressure (BP) at the brachial artery. Although such a measurement may accurately determine diastolic BP, it does not accurately reflect systolic BP. This is mainly attributed to the fact that blood pressure waveform is distorted as it travels outward from the heart due to the presence of wave reflections from the peripheral arteries. Due to this distortion, blood pressure measured at the brachial artery provides an inaccurate measure of central aortic systolic pressure. However, central systolic BP is an important factor determining cardiac function and work, while central diastolic BP may determine coronary flow. Consequently central (aortic and carotid) pressures are pathophysiologically more relevant than peripheral pressures and thus their non-invasive accurate estimation is challenging and clinically necessary. The purpose of this review is to present methods and techniques that are used for the estimation of central blood pressures and to describe and discuss issues regarding methodological procedures, reproducibility, validity and limitations.
Keywords: Wave reflections, applanation tonometry, echo-tracking, pulse wave analysis, transfer functions, pulse wave velocity, repeatability, arterial stiffness
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Non-Invasive Methods and Techniques for Central Blood Pressure Estimation: Procedures, Validation, Reproducibility and Limitations
Volume: 15 Issue: 3
Author(s): Theodore G. Papaioannou, Athanassios D. Protogerou, Kimon S. Stamatelopoulos, Manolis Vavuranakis and Christodoulos Stefanadis
Affiliation:
Keywords: Wave reflections, applanation tonometry, echo-tracking, pulse wave analysis, transfer functions, pulse wave velocity, repeatability, arterial stiffness
Abstract: Hypertension is a major risk factor for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases and is typically identified by measuring blood pressure (BP) at the brachial artery. Although such a measurement may accurately determine diastolic BP, it does not accurately reflect systolic BP. This is mainly attributed to the fact that blood pressure waveform is distorted as it travels outward from the heart due to the presence of wave reflections from the peripheral arteries. Due to this distortion, blood pressure measured at the brachial artery provides an inaccurate measure of central aortic systolic pressure. However, central systolic BP is an important factor determining cardiac function and work, while central diastolic BP may determine coronary flow. Consequently central (aortic and carotid) pressures are pathophysiologically more relevant than peripheral pressures and thus their non-invasive accurate estimation is challenging and clinically necessary. The purpose of this review is to present methods and techniques that are used for the estimation of central blood pressures and to describe and discuss issues regarding methodological procedures, reproducibility, validity and limitations.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Papaioannou G. Theodore, Protogerou D. Athanassios, Stamatelopoulos S. Kimon, Vavuranakis Manolis and Stefanadis Christodoulos, Non-Invasive Methods and Techniques for Central Blood Pressure Estimation: Procedures, Validation, Reproducibility and Limitations, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2009; 15 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161209787354203
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161209787354203 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Mechanisms of Gastric Mucosal Injury: Focus on Microvascular Endothelium as a Key Target
Current Medicinal Chemistry Rasburicase: A New Approach for Preventing and/or Treating Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Current Pharmaceutical Design Determination of Propranolol and Naproxen in Urine by using Excitation-Emission Matrix Phosphorescence Coupled with Multivariate Calibration Algorithms
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis The Mechanisms of Actions of Aldosterone and its Antagonists in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk: The Importance of a Global Approach to Risk Management in the Light of Current Hypertension Guidelines
Current Hypertension Reviews Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Possible Role of Leptin
Current Pharmaceutical Design ACE Inhibition, p300, Serum Nitrite and Lipid Peroxidation in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensives
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Cardiovascular Complications in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Current Drug Targets The Transcriptome in Blood: Challenges and Solutions for Robust Expression Profiling
Current Molecular Medicine Possible Predictive Value of Maspin Expression in Colorectal Cancer
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Do Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) Contribute to the Comorbidities of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Synergistic Two-Way Interactions of Dietary Polyphenols and Dietary Components on the Gut Microbial Composition: Is There a Positive, Negative, or Neutralizing Effect in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Diseases?
Current Protein & Peptide Science Substance Abuse and Movement Disorders
Current Drug Abuse Reviews Clinical Uses of 1-Alpha-Hydroxy-Ergocalciferol
Current Vascular Pharmacology Effects of Pterostilbene on Diabetes, Liver Steatosis and Serum Lipids
Current Medicinal Chemistry Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Autoimmune Disease with Female Preponderance and Cardiovascular Risk Equivalent to Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Development of L-Lysine Amino Acid-Based Co-Crystal of Telmisartan Using Crystal Engineering Approach to Improve Solubility, Dissolution, and Micrometric Properties
Current Drug Delivery Therapeutical Perspectives of S-Allylcysteine: Effect on diabetes and other disorders in Animal Models
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Effects of Prostaglandin E-1 in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Interrelationship Between Periapical Lesion and Systemic Metabolic Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design