Abstract
Three major cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 are produced by cultured brain cells after various stimuli such as ischemia. Neurones, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes can produce inflammatory mediators, and cytokine receptors are expressed constitutionally throughout the Central Nervous System (CNS), albeit at low levels. Cytokines are involved in virtually every facet of stroke and they have numerous proinflammatory and pro-coagulant effects on endothelium. TNF-α expression after stroke stimulates expression of tissue factor and adhesion molecules for leukocytes, release of interleukin-1 (IL-1), nitric oxide, factor VIII/von Willebrand factor, platelet-activating factor and endothelin, suppression of the thrombomodulin-protein C-protein S system, reduction of tissue-plasminogen activator and release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Research into the actions of IL-1β in the brain initially focused on its role in host defence responses to systemic disease. IL-1β can also elicit an array of responses which could either inhibit, exacerbate or induce neuronal damage and death. IL-6 can be induced by a variety of molecules including IL-1, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandins (PGs), and many other mediators such as b-amyloid, interferon-g (IFNg) and IL-4 can potentiate these primary inducers, highlighting the complex nature of IL-6 modulation. Several studies reported that plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 are associated with prognosis after ischemic stroke and our group showed that plasma levels of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β are different in every diagnostic subtype of ischemic stroke, and how plasma levels of some immunoinflammatory markers and thrombotic-phybrinolitic markers are predictive of acute ischemic stroke diagnosis in the acute setting.
Keywords: Ischemic Stroke, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Central Nervous System (CNS)
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Inflammatory Cytokines in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Volume: 14 Issue: 33
Author(s): Antonino Tuttolomondo, Domenico Di Raimondo, Riccardo di Sciacca, Antonio Pinto and Giuseppe Licata
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ischemic Stroke, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Central Nervous System (CNS)
Abstract: Three major cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 are produced by cultured brain cells after various stimuli such as ischemia. Neurones, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes can produce inflammatory mediators, and cytokine receptors are expressed constitutionally throughout the Central Nervous System (CNS), albeit at low levels. Cytokines are involved in virtually every facet of stroke and they have numerous proinflammatory and pro-coagulant effects on endothelium. TNF-α expression after stroke stimulates expression of tissue factor and adhesion molecules for leukocytes, release of interleukin-1 (IL-1), nitric oxide, factor VIII/von Willebrand factor, platelet-activating factor and endothelin, suppression of the thrombomodulin-protein C-protein S system, reduction of tissue-plasminogen activator and release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Research into the actions of IL-1β in the brain initially focused on its role in host defence responses to systemic disease. IL-1β can also elicit an array of responses which could either inhibit, exacerbate or induce neuronal damage and death. IL-6 can be induced by a variety of molecules including IL-1, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandins (PGs), and many other mediators such as b-amyloid, interferon-g (IFNg) and IL-4 can potentiate these primary inducers, highlighting the complex nature of IL-6 modulation. Several studies reported that plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 are associated with prognosis after ischemic stroke and our group showed that plasma levels of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β are different in every diagnostic subtype of ischemic stroke, and how plasma levels of some immunoinflammatory markers and thrombotic-phybrinolitic markers are predictive of acute ischemic stroke diagnosis in the acute setting.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Tuttolomondo Antonino, Di Raimondo Domenico, di Sciacca Riccardo, Pinto Antonio and Licata Giuseppe, Inflammatory Cytokines in Acute Ischemic Stroke, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008; 14 (33) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208786848739
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208786848739 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Eight Stranded β -Barrel and Related Outer Membrane Proteins: Role in Bacterial Pathogenesis
Protein & Peptide Letters Exposure to Perinatal Infections and Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review
Current Molecular Medicine Saving the Ischemic Penumbra: Potential Role for Statins and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Current Vascular Pharmacology Rare Clinical Case of Cryopyrin-associated Periodic Syndrome Presented with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Case Report
Current Rheumatology Reviews Hypersensitivity Reactions to Last Generation Chimeric, Umanized and Human Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies for Therapeutic Use
Current Pharmaceutical Design Disease Progression in HIV Late Presenters: the Role of HIV Clinical Indicator Diseases Prior to HIV Diagnosis
Current HIV Research AMPA Receptor Antagonists: Potential Therapeutic Applications
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Nitric Oxide in Migraine
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Membrane Targeted Chemotherapy with Hybrid Liposomes for Tumor Cells Leading to Apoptosis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Motor Neuron Diseases
Current Molecular Medicine Radioimmunotherapy of Infection with 213Bi-Labeled Antibodies
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Pharmaceutical Counterfeiting and Analytical Authentication
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Management of Tuberculosis in Children and New Treatment Options
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Amyloid-β Peptides, Alzheimer's Disease and the Blood-brain Barrier
Current Alzheimer Research Detection of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> in Sputum Samples by Real-Time PCR
Anti-Infective Agents Comparative Time-Kill Study of Doxycycline, Tigecycline, Cefazolin and Vancomycin Against Several Clones of Staphylococcus aureus
Current Clinical Pharmacology Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Adenovirus Mediated Herpes Simplex Virus-Thymidine Kinase/Ganciclovir Gene Therapy for Resectable Malignant Glioma
Current Gene Therapy β-Lactams as Neuroprotective Agents
Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Tumour-Specific Uptake of Anti-Cancer Drugs: The Future is Here
Current Drug Metabolism