Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most frequent cause of persistent neurologic disability in modern Western societies. Albeit it is still not clear whether inflammation is merely an epiphenomenon or rather has a disease-promoting function, accumulating evidence implicates inflammation in many forms of acute neurodegenerative disorders including ischemia. The immune cell influx during a neuropathological event is thought to be elicited by glial cells, especially microglia. This article reviews the cellular and molecular pathways involved in stroke-induced inflammatory response in the CNS. We focused on how CNS innate immune cells including microglia and macrophages play integral roles in receiving and propagating inflammatory signals, and how activated microglia secrete a wide range of factors. We present the relevance of the expression of adhesion molecules after ischemia including selectin, immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins, and the role of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Further, we explore the role of transcription factors in inflammation, and the function of immunomodulation and innate and adaptive immunity in brain ischemia, focusing on immunosupression therapies for acute stroke. Although several approaches for anti-inflammatory treatment have proven effective in animal models, clinical trials of immune system modulation therapy after stroke have not yet proved successful. There is still much to be done in order to translate interesting findings into therapies, but undoubtedly studying the cellular and molecular pathways may not only improve our understanding of inflammatory mechanism but also serve as a basis for designing effective therapies.
Keywords: Ischemic stroke, inflammation, glial cells, molecular pathways, immune cells, immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins, cytokines
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Inflammation as Therapeutic Objective in Stroke
Volume: 14 Issue: 33
Author(s): Joaquin Jordan, Tomas Segura, David Brea, Maria F. Galindo and Jose Castillo
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ischemic stroke, inflammation, glial cells, molecular pathways, immune cells, immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins, cytokines
Abstract: Ischemic stroke is the most frequent cause of persistent neurologic disability in modern Western societies. Albeit it is still not clear whether inflammation is merely an epiphenomenon or rather has a disease-promoting function, accumulating evidence implicates inflammation in many forms of acute neurodegenerative disorders including ischemia. The immune cell influx during a neuropathological event is thought to be elicited by glial cells, especially microglia. This article reviews the cellular and molecular pathways involved in stroke-induced inflammatory response in the CNS. We focused on how CNS innate immune cells including microglia and macrophages play integral roles in receiving and propagating inflammatory signals, and how activated microglia secrete a wide range of factors. We present the relevance of the expression of adhesion molecules after ischemia including selectin, immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins, and the role of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Further, we explore the role of transcription factors in inflammation, and the function of immunomodulation and innate and adaptive immunity in brain ischemia, focusing on immunosupression therapies for acute stroke. Although several approaches for anti-inflammatory treatment have proven effective in animal models, clinical trials of immune system modulation therapy after stroke have not yet proved successful. There is still much to be done in order to translate interesting findings into therapies, but undoubtedly studying the cellular and molecular pathways may not only improve our understanding of inflammatory mechanism but also serve as a basis for designing effective therapies.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Jordan Joaquin, Segura Tomas, Brea David, Galindo F. Maria and Castillo Jose, Inflammation as Therapeutic Objective in Stroke, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008; 14 (33) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208786848766
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208786848766 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Many Neuroprogressive Actions of Tryptophan Catabolites (TRYCATs) that may be Associated with the Pathophysiology of Neuro-Immune Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Targeting Heat Shock Proteins in Tauopathies
Current Alzheimer Research Resveratrol: New Avenues for a Natural Compound in Neuroprotection
Current Pharmaceutical Design Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors & CNS Disorders
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets A Glycation Angle to Look into the Diabetic Vasculopathy: Cause and Cure
Current Vascular Pharmacology Dysregulation of RNA Mediated Gene Expression in Motor Neuron Diseases
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Drug Discovery and Design for Complex Diseases through QSAR Computational Methods
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neuroprotective Effects of Citrus Fruit-Derived Flavonoids, Nobiletin and Tangeretin in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Antioxidants in Treating Pathologies Involving Oxidative Damage: An Update on Medicinal Chemistry and Biological Activity of Stobadine and Related Pyridoindoles
Current Medicinal Chemistry Gene Therapy in Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction Approaches
Current Gene Therapy Functional Multipotency of Stem Cells: A Conceptual Review of Neurotrophic Factor-Based Evidence and Its Role in Translational Research
Current Neuropharmacology Red Cell Glycolytic Enzyme Disorders Caused by Mutations: An Update
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Sirtuins as Possible Targets in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Drug Targets Curcumin Exposure Modulates Multiple Pro-Apoptotic and Anti-Apoptotic Signaling Pathways to Antagonize Acetaminophen-Induced Toxicity
Current Neurovascular Research The Role of Oxidative Stress in Depressive Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design In Silico Design, Synthesis of Hybrid Combinations: Quercetin Based MAO Inhibitors with Antioxidant Potential
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Salen Mn Complexes are Superoxide Dismutase/Catalase Mimetics that Protect the Mitochondria
Current Inorganic Chemistry (Discontinued) Aging and Proteins: What Does Proteostasis Have to Do with Age?
Current Molecular Medicine Roles of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 in Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Alzheimer Research LHON: Mitochondrial Mutations and More
Current Genomics