Abstract
The aim of gene therapy is to transfer genetic material into cells to specifically alter their function by increasing or decreasing the expression of a desired gene. Following two decades of research, there are two major methods for the delivery of genetic material such as DNA or RNA into cells: viral and nonviral vectors. Though viral vectors are an efficient tool of transfection, their therapeutic use is compromised by serious safety concerns such as immunogenicity and insertional mutagenesis. Hence, nonviral vectors, which are able to form nanocarriers for nucleic acid delivery, offer a potentially attractive alternative due to their low or absent immunogenicity, possibility to be easily scaled up, and flexibility with regard to vector modification. The aim of this review is to give an overview of common nonviral, particularly polycationic-based vectors presently used in gene delivery. One major part is description and classification of polycations like i.e. polylysines, polyethylenimines, poly(β-amino ester)s, dextrans, dendrimers and others. The second part is focused on modification of polymer/DNA-complexes (polyplexes) with targeting ligands for improved gene transfer into cells, concerning uptake specificity and reduced toxicity. Short-term gene expression limits the use of cationic complexes because of enzymatic DNA degradation and inactivation. However, effective gene therapy requires controlled release and expression of the desired gene. To overcome repeated administration and large dosages, several investigations have been made to generate sustained gene delivery systems using different natural and synthetic polymeric biocompatible materials. Therefore, the focus of the last part is placed on polymeric biocompatible materials like poly (lactide-co-glycolide) with favourable biological properties: Biodegradability and biocompatibility, resulting in low immunogenity. Additionally, several slow release technologies, including nano- and microparticels as well as standard and in situ forming implants, are discussed with regard to their potential for therapeutic use.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, gene delivery, polymer, controlled release, targeting
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Role of nanomaterials in fabrication of coatings, Machining and Joining
The application of nanoscience has brought about a revolution in the field of mechanical engineering by providing novel materials, boosting manufacturing processes, and generating cutting-edge products. The purpose of this special issue is to investigate the enormous impact that nanoscience has had on mechanical engineering, with a particular emphasis on ...read more
Advanced Inorganic Nanocomposites and Their Emerging Applications
This special issue collection will highlight developments on the recent trends about the synthesis of metal oxides, nanoclusters, biomaterials, 2D nanomaterials, nanocrystals, nanocomposites, etc. and their applications in electrochemical systems, tissue regeneration, energy storage and harvesting, sensors, etc. The novelty of the methods in the chemical synthesis and their characterizations, ...read more
Applicability of Nanotechnology for Performance Enhancement of Clean Energy Technologies
Population growth, industrialization, and improvement in living quality would lead to further increase in energy demand in near future. Regarding the disadvantages of fossil fuels such as fluctuations in their price, high emissions of greenhouse gases and restriction of their sources, it is crucial to use and exploit alternative energy ...read more
Graphene and 2D Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
This thematic issue will discuss the recent advances in graphene-based nanomaterials for different energy technologies. Graphene possesses a high surface area, and stable structure and exhibits many interesting electronic, optical, and mechanical properties due to its 2D crystal structure. Graphene is of both fundamental interest and suitable for a wide ...read more
Related Books
Nanoscale Field Effect Transistors: Emerging Applications
Nanoelectronics Devices: Design, Materials, and Applications Part II
Nanoelectronics Devices: Design, Materials, and Applications (Part I)
Role of Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy
Synthesis and Applications of Semiconductor Nanostructures
Pathways to Green Nanomaterials: Plants as Raw Materials, Reducing Agents and Hosts
Applications of Nanomaterials in Medical Procedures and Treatments
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Nanobiotechnology: Principles and Applications
Bio-Inspired Nanotechnology
14