Abstract
Evidence indicates that nerve gas toxins operate in ways in addition to inhibition of acetylcholine esterase. Alternative bioactivities are discussed with focus on electron transfer. The main class, including pralidoxime (2-PAM), incorporates conjugated iminium and oxime moieties that are electron affinic. Various physiological properties of iminium and oxime species are reviewed. The organophosphates encompass both nerve gases and insecticides, possessing similar properties, but different activities. Toxic manifestations are apparently due, in part, to oxidative stress. Alkylation of DNA takes place which may lead to generation of reactive oxygen species. Structure-activity relationships are examined, including reduction potentials and the captodative effect.
Keywords: organophosphates, nerve gas, nerve gas antidotes, pralidoxime, reduction potentials
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Mechanism of Organophosphates (Nerve Gases and Pesticides) and Antidotes: Electron Transfer and Oxidative Stress
Volume: 10 Issue: 24
Author(s): Peter Kovacic
Affiliation:
Keywords: organophosphates, nerve gas, nerve gas antidotes, pralidoxime, reduction potentials
Abstract: Evidence indicates that nerve gas toxins operate in ways in addition to inhibition of acetylcholine esterase. Alternative bioactivities are discussed with focus on electron transfer. The main class, including pralidoxime (2-PAM), incorporates conjugated iminium and oxime moieties that are electron affinic. Various physiological properties of iminium and oxime species are reviewed. The organophosphates encompass both nerve gases and insecticides, possessing similar properties, but different activities. Toxic manifestations are apparently due, in part, to oxidative stress. Alkylation of DNA takes place which may lead to generation of reactive oxygen species. Structure-activity relationships are examined, including reduction potentials and the captodative effect.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kovacic Peter, Mechanism of Organophosphates (Nerve Gases and Pesticides) and Antidotes: Electron Transfer and Oxidative Stress, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2003; 10 (24) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867033456314
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867033456314 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Signaling Pathways in Nitric Oxide Production by Neutrophils Exposed to N-nitrosodimethylamine
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Cell Adhesion Molecules and Cadmium
Current Chemical Biology Cardiovascular Disease Burden and Risk Factors Before and After Kidney Transplant
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Chronic Kidney Disease and Thrombosis
Current Pediatric Reviews An Overview of Emerging Immunotargets of Genitourinary Tumors
Current Drug Targets Advances in the Understanding of the Gabaergic Neurobiology of FMR1 Expanded Alleles Leading to Targeted Treatments for Fragile X Spectrum Disorder
Current Pharmaceutical Design Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Associated Uveitis
Current Drug Safety Recent Advances in Obesity Pharmacotherapy
Current Clinical Pharmacology Childhood Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New and Old Treatments
Current Pediatric Reviews Development and Validation of a New Method to Quantify Pilocarpine in Tablets by HPLC-DAD
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Novel Therapeutic Targets for Prevention and Therapy of Sepsis Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Current Drug Targets A Study of Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Gout: A Single Center Study from Nepal
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets BHUx: A Patented Polyherbal Formulation to Prevent Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Wave Intensity Analysis in the Human Coronary Circulation in Health and Disease
Current Cardiology Reviews Anticoagulant Therapy in Pregnant Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Review
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Editorial [Hot Topic: Plants as Sources of Therapeutic Proteins (Executive Editor: Schuyler S. Korban)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design Experimental Benefits of Sex Hormones on Vascular Function and the Outcome of Hormone Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Cardiology Reviews Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: Potential Pharmacological Interventions
Current Vascular Pharmacology Effects of Imidazolic Agonism on Blood Pressure, Sympathetic Activity, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Insulin Resistance
Current Hypertension Reviews